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Anthropology

Faculty


*Year of initial appointment at Binghamton

Antoun, Richard T., Professor, PhD, 1963, Harvard University: Social anthropology, religion, social organization of tradition, international migration; Middle East, North Africa. (1970)*

Cobb, Charles R., Associate Professor and Director of Undergraduate Studies, PhD, 1988, Southern Illinois University: Archaeology, Midwest and Southeast U.S.; political economy of ranked societies; lithic analysis; quantitative methods; historical archaeology; culture resource management. (1990)

Dekin, Albert A., Jr., Associate Professor, PhD, 1975, Michigan State University: Archaeological method, cultural resource management, behavioral and intrasite spatial modeling; North America-Arctic and Northeast. (1976)

Dyson-Hudson, Neville, Professor, DPhil, 1960, Oxford University: Social anthropology, human ecology, nomads; Africa, Middle East. (1973)

Ferradas, Carmen A., Assistant Professor, PhD, 1990, GSUC at CUNY; Social sciences theory; anthropology and development; popular culture; communication and discourse analysis; urban anthropology; ideology; social movements; Latin America. (1992)

Herbert, Robert K., Professor of Linguistics and Anthropology, PhD, 1977, Ohio State University: Linguistic anthropology, sociolinguistics, Bantu languages, general linguistics, psychiatric anthropology; Southern Africa, Eastern Europe. (1979)

Hoffmann, Hans, Professor, PhD, 1957, Yale University: Aboriginal and Western maritime technology, Chesapeake Bay; ethnography of Circumpolar Zone, North and South America. (1961)

Horowitz, Michael M., Professor, PhD, 1959, Columbia University: Development anthropology, human rights, gender, arid/semi-arid/river basin ecosystems, pastoral and farm systems, university-development agency linkages; Africa (especially Sahel), Near East, Caribbean. (1961)

Isbell, William H., Professor and Department Chair, PhD, 1973, University of Illinois: Archaeology, evolution of complex society/inequality, architecture and built environment, ceramic analysis, symbolic and structural interpretation; Andean South America, nuclear America. (1971)

Little, Michael A., Professor, PhD, 1968, Pennsylvania State University: Biological anthropology, human biology of living populations, adaptation, ecology; Andes and East Africa. (1971)

McGuire, Randall H., Professor, PhD, 1982, University of Arizona: Prehistoric and historical archaeology, evolution of inequality and stratification, quantitative and archaeo-magnetic methods, cultural resource management; U.S. Southwest. (1982)

Moench, Richard U., Associate Professor, PhD, 1963, Harvard University: Economic anthropology; China, Mediterranean. (1963)

Mohsen, Safia K., Associate Professor, LLB, PhD, 1970, Michigan State University: Law and conflict, women and culture; Middle East, North Africa. (1968)

Pollock, Susan M., Associate Professor, PhD, 1983, University of Michigan: Archaeology of complex societies, feminist approaches, mortuary and ceramic analysis; the Near East. (1985)

Rightmire, G. Philip, Professor, PhD, 1969, University of Wisconsin: Human evolution, skeletal biology, fossil hominids; Africa. (1969)

Stahl, Ann B., Associate Professor, PhD, 1985, University of California at Berkeley: Archaeology of Africa, contact period, early agriculture, and subsistence, ethnohistoric methods, history of theory. (1988)

Stahl, Peter W., Visiting Associate Professor, PhD, 1984, University of Illinois: Archaeology, zooarchaeology, vertebrate taphonomy; South America. (1996)

Straight, H. Stephen, Professor of Anthropology and of Linguistics, PhD, 1972, University of Chicago: Linguistic anthropology, theoretical and developmental psycholinguistics, Mayan ethnolinguistics and sociolinguistics; Yucatan. (1970)

Wiley, Andrea S., Assistant Professor, PhD, 1992, University of California at Berkeley and San Francisco: Biological and medical anthropology, human adaptability, demography, nutrition, biocultural approaches; South Asia, Himalayas. (1995)

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UNDERGRADUATE
PROGRAMS

Anthropology is the study of human populations and cultures in evolutionary, historical, and comparative frameworks. The curriculum promotes understanding the variety both of past and of present human groups, the processes that underlie human biological and cultural development and change, and how human society and culture are maintained. Students learn and apply the research methods and theoretical constructs used by anthropologists in investigating peoples and their cultures. Excavating and analyzing the remains of past cultures, observing primate behavior, and examining global social and cultural change are a few of the approaches anthropologists use to investigate the human way of life.
Students majoring in anthropology may select one of two tracks within its program of study: general anthropology or anthropological perspectives. Both programs are tailored to the different interests and career goals of majors. Sequences of courses enable the student to move from a broad understanding of anthropology to more focused topics of study. Only courses passed with a grade of C- or better will be counted toward fulfilling the requirements of a major in anthropology. No more than one course taken under the pass/fail option will be accepted in fulfillment of the minimal requirements for an anthropology major.

TRACK 1: General
Anthropology

This program offers the student a sound understanding of the concerns and methods within each of the four subdisciplines of anthropology: archaeology, linguistics, biological anthropology, and sociocultural anthropology. This is accomplished through a carefully defined and sequenced program of courses in six categories.
1. ANTH 112 (or 114, or 118), 166, 167 (or 169), and 168.
2. ANTH 300.
3. A course in quantitative methods or computing: ANTH 200, CS 100, 105, MATH 147, PSYC 243.
4. One course from each of the following four groups:
a. ANTH 229, 238-242, 264, 280 (with sociocultural focus), 355, 361, 363, 368, 369, 410, 411, or 477.
b. ANTH 260, 262, 280 (with archaeology focus), 346, 347, 348, 374, 375, 474, or 475.
c. ANTH 333, 334, 335, 336, 337, 338, or 339.
d. ANTH 442, 466, or LING 434, or 474

5. Two courses with a focus on a geographic area.
6. Eight credits of electives at the 300-400 level in anthropology or related fields, to be chosen with the advice and consent of the student's departmental advisor. Anthropology courses at the 200 level may satisfy part of the elective requirement.

TRACK 2: Anthropological
Perspectives Program

This program allows greater flexibility in the sequencing and selection of courses toward the major. It also provides the opportunity for students who wish to concentrate on one of the subfields (archaeology, biological anthropology, linguistic anthropology, sociocultural anthropology) to pursue a more focused major. Selection of courses must be done in close consultation with the student's major advisor.

1. Twenty-eight credits in anthropology at the 100-200 level, four credits of which must be a socio-cultural area course(s).

Students concentrating in one of the subfields should include the following in their course selection:
For archaeology concentration: ANTH 167 or 169
For biological anthropology concentration: ANTH 168
For linguistic anthropology concentration: ANTH 112 and ANTH 118
For sociocultural anthropology concentration: ANTH 166
2. Twenty-eight credits at the 300-400 level, eight of which may be taken in related fields. For students concentrating in one of the subfields, a minimum of three courses in the chosen subfield should be included.

Note: No more than seven courses from a single subfield may be applied to fulfill the major requirements in either the general anthropology or anthropological perspectives program. ANTH 497, with the consent of the departmental director of undergraduate studies, may substitute for any of the major requirements.

The total number of courses required for each program of study toward the major is fixed, and no single course may be counted twice.
Any changes in either of these two programs can be made only with the approval of the student's advisor and the director of undergraduate studies or department chair.

Honors Program

Graduation with honors in anthropology is awarded for superior independent work, and is encouraged for students who intend to pursue graduate careers. To qualify for admission to the honors program, a student must have demonstrated academic accomplishment of high quality. Applications to the program must be approved by the departmental undergraduate committee no later than the end of the sixth semester of a student's eight semesters of baccalaureate studies. A senior honors thesis, supervised by two members of the faculty, is required for honors. Normally, the honors students should enroll in ANTH 497 in their next-to-last semester to do research toward an honors thesis, and in ANTH 499 in their last semester, during which they will complete the thesis.

Minors in Anthropology

There are four possible minors in anthropology: general anthropology, sociocultural anthropology, archaeology, and biological anthropology. Each is satisfied by the completion of the course work described below. Exceptions to these requirements can be made only with the approval of the anthropology undergraduate committee, after consultation with the student's anthropology advisor.

Requirements for General Anthropology Minor

This minor in general anthropology gives the student a broad background in the field of anthropology, and encourages selection of courses from all the subdisciplines of anthropology, without specializing in any one.
Requirements:
1. Three courses (12 credits) at the 100-200 level; at least one must be at the 200 level.
2. Three courses (12 credits) at the 300-400 level.
No more than two (eight credits) of these six courses should be from any single subfield (linguistics, archaeology, biological, sociocultural anthropology). At least one course (four credits) should be an "area course" that focuses on a specific world area or region. One of the 300-400 level courses (four credits) may be in any cognate field, chosen in consultation with the student's anthropology advisor.

Requirements for Socio-cuLtural Anthropology Minor

The sociocultural anthropology minor introduces students to a range of problems in the study of social and cultural systems. This minor is useful to those interested in human behavior and in a worldwide perspective on social problems and comparative cultural phenomena.
Requirements:
1. An introductory course (four credits) ANTH 166.
2. At least one sociocultural course (four credits) that focuses on the culture of a specific world area. (This will probably be at the 200 level, but it does not have to be.)
3. Three other sociocultural courses (12 credits) at the 300-400 level. Such courses include: ANTH 300, 355, 361, 363, 410, 411, or 477.
4. Remaining credits (four) as electives, which may be taken in any area of anthropology or in a cognate field, to be chosen in consultation with the student's anthropology advisor.
5. Of the courses taken for the minor, no more than two may be at the 100 level.

Requirements for Biological Anthropology Minor

The biological anthropology minor provides students with a basic understanding of the fundamental concepts of human biology, evolution, and the relationships between humans as biological and cultural animals. The program is relevant to students with interests in biology, geology, environmental studies, psychology, nursing, dentistry, medicine, and general biobehavioral science.
Requirements:
1. ANTH 168 (four credits).
2. Three courses (12 credits) at the 300 level from among ANTH 333, 334, 335, 336, 337, or 338.
3. One elective course (four credits) in anthropology, preferably from among ANTH 242 or 243. The elective should be chosen in consultation with the student's anthropology advisor.
4. Another elective course (four credits) in any area of anthropology or in a cognate field, chosen in consultation with the student's anthropology advisor.

Requirements for Archaeology Minor

The archaeology minor provides students with a basic understanding of how archaeologists study and reconstruct the past. Such training is relevant to students in a wide variety of fields, including history, art history, classical studies, medieval studies, Judaic studies, African-American studies and Southwest Asian and North African studies.
Requirements:
1. One introductory course (four credits): ANTH 167 or 169.
2. Two area courses (eight credits): ANTH 260, 262, or 375.
3. Two methods courses (eight credits): ANTH 320, 371-372, or 475.
4. One elective course (four credits) in anthropology or any cognate field, chosen in consultation with the student's archaeology advisor. Any of the courses listed above that are not used for requirements 1-3 may be used to fulfill this requirement.

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Course Offerings/
Undergraduate


NOTE: Unless otherwise noted, all undergraduate courses carry 4 credits.

ANTH 111. INTRODUCTION TO ANTHROPOLOGY
An historically organized look at the broad evolution of humans and humanity. Starts with general processes of biological change, turns to comparison with primates and interpretation of the fossil record. As human capacities for culture increase, so does reliance on learned behavior and the diversity of adaptations to environment. General processes of cultural change contribute to understanding how and why current cultural adaptations exist, leading to consideration of the ways humans have organized themselves in societies.

ANTH 112 (also LING 112). LANGUAGE IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR
Introduction to interdisciplinary study of language; psychological, social, cultural aspects of language use.

ANTH 114 (also LING 114). LANGUAGE, CULTURE, AND COMMUNICATION IN THE U.S.
Introduction to the plurality of communication patterns in the U.S., with particular attention to at least three of the following communities: African American, American Indian, Asian American, European-American, and Latino American; links between cultural groups and different communication and discourse patterns; language and identity; ways in which communication differences affect intercultural interaction.

ANTH 118 (also LING 118). INTRODUCTION TO LINGUISTIC STRUCTURES
Basic methods and concepts of linguistic analysis, including phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics.

ANTH 123. SOCIAL BANDITRY
Provides a comparative respective on outlawry, especially those-like Robin Hood and Sicilian mafiosi-who have been romanticized as heroic defenders of the poor and powerless. Cases will be selected from Roman Palestine, colonial India, precolonial Ethiopia, China, Brazil, Eastern Europe, and the United States Oklahoma Territory.

ANTH 124. MULTICULTURALISM IN THE 21ST CENTURY
Anthropological perspective on social and cultural diversity in the Western and non-Western worlds. Explores four main axes of diversity: class, race, gender, and sexuality. Readings examine these concepts by focusing on the class structure of American society and the problematic notion of the "middle class," female domestic service in Bolivia and South Africa, the changing nature of "the family," homosexuality, and ethnic stereotyping in the media. Considers various popular movements for social change in which class, gender, sexuality, and race have become politicized in particular ways. Examines the guerrilla insurgency in Guatemala, the burial rights controversy among native North Americans, gay liberation and the AIDS crisis, and women and Islamic fundamentalism.

ANTH 125. BURIED CITIES AND LOST TRIBES
Human past as seen through examination of some great archaeological sites of world, such as: Stonehenge, King Tut's tomb, Mesa Verde, Moundville, Teotihuacan, Olduvai Gorge, Pompeii, pyramids of Gaza, Sutton Hoo ship burial, Ur, Nazca.

ANTH 126 (also WOMN 126). WOMEN AND CULTURE / variable credit
Cross-cultural examination of societal factors related to role of women. Ways in which cultural definitions of "femaleness" affect attitudes toward women and their activities in society. Economic, social, political, and religious factors related to position of women. Non-Western societies, selected to represent wide range of cultural experience, analyzed to illustrate working of above factors within context of specific societies.

ANTH 128. HUMAN VIOLENCE
Considers the many forms taken by violence; different historical periods, different cultures. Variety of data to study violence, including artifacts, literature, ethnographic observations, historical documents. Different theories of violence, proposals for its control.

ANTH 130. CULTURES IN COLLISION
Anthropological perspective on colonial encounters between natives and newcomers during the European oceanic explorations of the 15th century and thereafter. Emphasis upon early centuries of contact and the consequences that emerged from these encounters.

ANTH 153 (also AFST 153). INTRODUCTION TO AFRICA
Human populations in Africa from origins to modern times. Geography, ecology, types of economies in relation to environment; traditional cultures, similarities and differences in social-political organization, kinship systems, village, town, community life; traditional state formation; trade, warfare, slavery, religious beliefs, values, aesthetics, cosmologies.

ANTH 156. AFRICA THROUGH FILM
Contemporary African realities through films and other video materials. Emphasis on strategies utilized by African peoples to cope with social, political, and economic changes.

ANTH 166. INTRODUCTION TO SOCIAL ANTHROPOLOGY
Introduction to the comparative study of society. Analysis of social, economic, political, and ideological organization. Transition from autonomous food-producing societies to incorporation in modern colonial and independent states.

ANTH 167. INTRODUCTION TO PREHISTORIC ARCHAEOLOGY
Ideas and techniques of inquiry used by archaeologists in reconstructing human prehistory. Relationship between artifacts and behavior. Archaeological field and lab techniques. Interpreting archaeological remains.

ANTH 168. HUMAN EVOLUTION
Basic concepts and principles of organic evolution of humans. Living primate biology, behavior, and history. Human origins and evolution as reconstructed from the fossil record. Human population variation and continuing adaptation.

ANTH 169. HISTORICAL ARCHAEOLOGY
Introduces growing field of historical archaeology; relationship of historical archaeology to prehistoric archaeology and history; methods and theories of historical archaeology; case studies that emphasize use of documents and material record. Participation in ongoing historical archaeology research in local area.

ANTH 175. AMERICAN GRAFFITI-ETHNOGRAPHIC VIEWS OF AMERICAN PLURALISM
Holistic studies of African American, American Indian, Asian American, European American and Latino American social groups within American society are used to address social issues dealing with group formation, maintenance, power relations, and exploitation. Case studies span the historical and modern eras to develop thematic issues, such as gender, sexuality, family, race, ethnicity, and culture change, along with consideration of governmental social policies as they affect the cases selected.

ANTH 200. QUANTITATIVE METHODS IN ANTHROPOLOGY
An introduction to descriptive and inferential statistics and their use in anthropological problems. Computer applications in quantitative anthropological research.

ANTH 214. (also LING 214, WOMN 233). LANGUAGE, SEX, AND GENDER
Theoretical and empirical aspects of the relationship between language and the sexes. Sexism in linguistic structures: sex- and gender-determined patterns of language use; social and psychological implications of sex registers.

ANTH 226. WOMEN IN LATIN AMERICA
Examines women's changing roles in various social formations, using case studies from pre-Columbian, colonial, post-revolutionary and contemporary Latin America to examine how the variables of class, gender, race, and ethnicity affect women's status.

ANTH 229 (also WOMN 229). WOMEN, CRIME, AND CULTURE
Cross-cultural review of women's involvement in crime and violence. Issues of cultural change, community values, economic and social realities as may relate to nature of women's crimes. Cultural perceptions of role of women, how these affect attitudes both of public and of law enforcement agencies toward female offender/victim.

ANTH 230. TECHNOLOGY AND MATERIAL CULTURE
Interplay between cultural, situational, and psychological processes as technological systems move through time. Material culture as a coding convention expressing different value systems. Case studies drawn from aboriginal and Western data.

ANTH 231. ART IN CULTURE
Aboriginal art of North America, Hawaii, New Zealand, Australia, in its cultural setting.

ANTH 238. MARITIME ANTHROPOLOGY
Anthropology as seen from the comparative analysis of one technological system-the sailing-widely distributed in space and time. Influence of oceanographic and meteorological conditions on ship design and sail handling among selected maritime traditions. Construction as function of regional practices and limitations of raw materials. Local appearance of the celestial sphere. Its role in navigation.

ANTH 239. PACIFIC VOYAGING
Oceanography of the Pacific. Variations of Austronesian canoes: hull and sail types, seaworthiness. Micronesian proas: lateral and directional stability. Settlement of Polynesia. Ancient voyaging catamarans as reconstructed from historic Pacific Ocean watercraft. Aboriginal navigations, celestial and wave-based.

ANTH 240. CHESAPEAKE BAY
The Chesapeake Bay and associated wetlands as seen from oceanographic, geological, and biological points of view. The bay as century of 18th century innovations in sailboat design. Bermuda, sloops and Baltimore clippers. Design and construction of sloops, bugeyes, and skipjacks, and their role in the life of watermen.

ANTH 241. VIKINGS: RAIDERS AND TRADERS
Focuses on the Viking presence in the New World: Greenland, Labrador, and Newfoundland. Lecture material will draw on archaeological, historic, and literary sources.

ANTH 242. MEDICAL ANTHROPOLOGY; HEALTH POLICY
Health and nutritional implications of planned culture change; contributions of anthropology to health policy decisions in development organizations, comparative health delivery systems. Prerequisite: ANTH 111.

ANTH 243. MEDICAL ANTHROPOLOGY: HUMAN BIOLOGY AND HEALTH
Biocultural approach to health and disease in human populations. Health inspected from epidemiologic, genetic, environmental, child growth perspectives. Prerequisite: ANTH 111.

ANTH 251. CHINA: ITS CULTURE AND SOCIETY
Traditional Chinese social system as baseline for modern changes; Confucian theory and practice; peasant predicament in myth and reality; regionalism and states struggle for orthodoxy; role of culture in revolution.

ANTH 253 (also AFST 253). CULTURES OF AFRICA
Peoples and cultures of Africa; selected ethnographic works. Diversity richness, complexity of traditional cultures; ecological or adaptive significance of certain customs and institutions; processes of change and growth in traditional African societies. Prerequisite: ANTH 166 (preferred), ANTH 111, or permission of instructor.

ANTH 254. PEOPLES AND CULTURES OF THE MIDDLE EAST
Social economic and cultural changes in Southwest Asia and North Africa. Impact of labor migration on family life and traditional cultures in both urban and rural communities in the region. Myths and realities pertaining to Islam. Ethnicity and conflict in the area.

ANTH 255. INDIANS OF SOUTH AMERICA
Economic and social structure of Inca empire. Evolution of Andean deities. Hydrology of the Amazon Basin. War, blowguns, and hallucinogens among jungle tribes. Male-female interactions among the savanna tribes: men's houses and female associations.

ANTH 256. INDIANS OF NORTH AMERICA
Aboriginal cultures of Pacific northwest, southwestern desert, great plains, and eastern woodlands. World views, ceremonials, the supernatural, interpersonal relationships. Transformations of Indian culture resulting from ancient Mexican and European colonial activities.

ANTH 257. PEOPLES OF THE NORTHERN FOREST
Orientation to the north: polar projection maps, Arctic Circle and the midnight sun, northern lights in local mythologies, bear ceremonial, scapulimancy. Timberline: forests versus tundra. Ethnography of the Uralic, Altaic, Chukotian, Na-Dene, and the Amerind speech communities. Northern forest culture in medieval Europe and China.

ANTH 260. ARCHAEOLOGY OF NORTH AMERICAN INDIANS
Prehistory of Native North American cultures beginning with earliest known inhabitants of New World (pre-10,000 BC), ending with period of European contact and colonization (about AD 1600). Important archaeological discoveries in US and Canada. Prerequisite: one from ANTH 111, 125, 167, or 256, or permission of instructor.

ANTH 262. INCA ARCHAEOLOGY AND ANCIENT PERUVIAN CIVILIZATIONS
The Incas and their remarkable empire, sometimes compared with the Romans, were profoundly foreign to Western cultural tradition. Without a developed means of writing, Incas and their predecessors achieved excellence in political organization, economics, and law, and inspired generations of European utopian social philosophers. sources of formation primary descriptions in translation, the archaeological record, accounts of modern Incan descendants.

ANTH 267. ARCHAEOLOGY IN THE NEWS: REPRESENTATIONS OF THE PAST IN THE MEDIA
This course offers an in-depth examination of the way in which archaeology is portrayed in the print media; recent archaeological discoveries and controversies. We will also examine the way in which the news is constructed by the media, drawing on recent literature on media analysis in a number of disciplines. Prerequisite: a prior course with an archaeology component.

ANTH 277. PEOPLES AND CULTURES OF SOUTHERN AFRICA
Peoples and cultures of southern Africa: Khoisaan, Bantu-speaking and immigrant groups. Reading and discussion of ethnographic descriptions; impact of urbanization and Christianity; social conflict and social change.

ANTH 280. TOPICS IN ANTHROPOLOGY
Particular themes and topics announced in advance. May be taken more than once if topic varies.

ANTH 300. HISTORY OF ANTHROPOLOGICAL THOUGHT
Anthropological thought in West from earliest times to present: 19th and 20th centuries, corresponding to period of emergence of anthropology as academic discipline. Developments related to broader historical context of changing social, political, economic circumstances. Role and significance of contemporary anthropology; correlative developments in sociology, psychology, human biology. Prerequisite: ANTH 111 or 166.

ANTH 333. POPULATION IN ANTHROPOLOGY
Population composition and processes, their relationship to problems of anthropological interest. Basic demographic concepts and methods. Historic and prehistoric demography. Relationships between population growth and cultural evolution; population control in past; social and biological determinants, and consequences of changes in fertility, mortality, migration patterns. Prerequisite: ANTH 111.

ANTH 334. COMPARATIVE ASPECTS OF HUMAN GROWTH
Human growth processes from conception to old age; biological aspects of growth, with consideration of secular trends, individual and population variations, and cultural factors that can influence biological growth processes. Prerequisites: ANTH 111 or 168.

ANTH 335. HUMAN GENETICS
Genetics of individuals, kindreds, populations. Analysis of human pedigree data, cytogenetic correlations, linkage analysis. Nature and extent of heritabIe differences among human populations in evolutionary perspective. Prerequisites: ANTH 111 or 168.

ANTH 336. THE HUMAN SKELETON
Human skeletal anatomy, including interpopulation comparisons, sex and age determination, pathology, osteometry, simple statistical treatment of measurements; application to paleodemographic population reconstruction. Laboratory sessions arranged. Prerequisite: ANTH 111 or 168.

ANTH 337. HUMAN BIOLOGICAL VARIATION
Processes controlling biological variation in modern populations, interaction of environmental factors with genetic material of populations, human adaptation to climate, altitude, population density, and stress. Prerequisite: ANTH 111 or 168.

ANTH 338. INTRODUCTION TO THE PRIMATES
Biology and behavior of the non-human primates. Classification, ecology, function, and comparative anatomy of prosimians, monkeys, and apes. Paleontology of the order will be considered, among with the evolution of social behavior. Prerequisite: ANTH 111 or 168.

ANTH 339. ANTHROPOLOGY OF DIET AND NUTRITION
Biocultural approach to study of diet and nutrition incorporating both cultural variability and biological predictability of food use; basic nutrition concepts. Prerequisite: ANTH 111 or 168.

ANTH 345. HISTORIC AMERICAN MATERIAL CULTURE
Examines how historical archaeologists analyze the material culture of the Europeans and European Americans who colonized and occupied the North American continent from the 17th through early 20th centuries. Emphasis on the manufacturing processes involved in the production of different classes of material culture and their use by European Americans and non-European Americans. Prerequisites: ANTH 167 and 169 or another course in archaeology.

ANTH 346. STONE AGE ARCHAEOLOGY
Investigations of human biocultural evolution and adaptations during Old Stone Age, primarily in Old World; hunter-gatherers as models, kinds of Paleolithic data; how archaeologists research, excavate, reconstruct the past. Prerequisite: ANTH 125 or 167, or any archaeology area course.

ANTH 347. FOUNDATIONS OF WORLD CIVILIZATION
Comparative analysis of archaeological research in both Old and New Worlds in understanding cultural changes that led to agriculture, villages, urbanism, calendrics, conquest, warfare, other aspects of civilization. Prerequisite: ANTH 125 or 167, or any archaeology area course.

ANTH 348. THE ORIGINS OF URBANISM
Emergence of urban societies in Old and New Worlds. Concepts such as city, civilization, social stratification as they pertain to earliest urban communities. Developmental processes leading to increased complexity and new social institutions. Explanatory theories, archaeological methods, courses of events, presented within ecological perspective. Prerequisite: ANTH 111, 125, or 167.

ANTH 350. POWER
Power is the basis of all social relationships, a component of all social situations. To test Machiavell's discomforting perspective on human existence we examine a variety of theories and a wide range of cases, across time and around the world. Included are African kings, Indian councils, Mediterranean families; leaders from the New Guinea highlands and the U. S. Senate; the battle of the sexes and generations; patrons and clients; doctors and patients; bosses and workers-the powerful, the powerless, and the power-hungry just about anywhere and anytime. Students are encouraged to develop their own versions of these perennial situations to reflect their own interest. In the end, they will have learned something about power, about the world we create and live in, writing, and about themselves.

ANTH 351 (also AFST 351). CONCEPT OF RACE IN WESTERN THOUGHT
See African Studies for description.

ANTH 355. RELIGIOUS FUNDAMENTALISM
Examines a variety of religious experiences/ideologies labeled "fundamentalism" by comparing and contrasting them in three religious traditions: Islam, Christianity, and Judaism. No prerequisites.

ANTH 360 (also AFST 360). AFRICAN SOCIETY IN THE 20TH CENTURY
Peoples and cultures of Africa; selected ethnographic works. Diversity, richness, complexity of contemporary cultures; ecological or adaptive significance of customs and institutions; processes of change and incorporation of African societies into world economic system. Prerequisite: ANTH 166 (preferred) or 111. Recommended: ANTH 253.

ANTH 361. COMPARATIVE RELIGION AND SYMBOLIC SYSTEMS
Religious and magical beliefs and practices of non-literate as well as literate peoples; relationships between their languages and philosophies; ritual, symbol, myth, and folklore in cross-cultural perspective. Prerequisites: ANTH 111 or 166; any sociocultural area course.

ANTH 363. ANTHROPOLOGY OF DEVELOPING NATIONS
Social, political, and economic change in the Third World. Articulation of rural production systems with world market. Analysis of rural and urban development, famine, population, poverty, inequality, and powerlessness. Economic and environmental impacts of United Nations, World Bank, and other development organizations.

ANTH 368. MODERN DEVELOPMENT IN CHINA AND JAPAN
Exploration into historical explanation of China's and Japan's radically different development histories since European penetration in mid-19th century, structured as a debate between culture-as-explanation (stress on internal differences between Qing and Tokugawa social structures) and capitalism-as-explanation (differences of impact of Western imperialism as determinant of Japan's early capitalist development, China's "underdevelopment"). A dialectical resolution is offered. Prerequisite: one sociocultural anthropology course, or its equivalent, or permission of instructor.

ANTH 369. PEOPLE AND THE ENVIRONMENT-ANTHROPOLOGICAL VIEWS
The places of humans in their natural environment are the result of an intersection of evolutionary trajectories and cultural traditions. Culture provides a distinctive lens through which people view their world and their place in it. Cultural ecology as an approach to understanding; contrasting world views held by different societies; depictions of the environment and of the people in it; human impacts on the environment; and environmentalism and public policy. Prerequisites: ANTH 111; or two of the following: ANTH 166, 167 or 168; and Junior standing or permission of the instructor.

ANTH 370. NATIVE AMERICA TODAY
Examination of the history of the struggle of Native Americans to survive over the past 500 years as background to a consideration of contemporary Native American life through such topics as education, health, law, art, culture, and stereotypes. Prerequisite: introductory course in anthropology or U.S. history.

ANTH 371-372. FIELD METHODS OF ARCHAEOLOGY/summer only
Students participate in archaeological research project. Research designs. Instruction, practice in basic field techniques of excavation, surface survey, mapping, photography, cataloging. Prerequisite: ANTH 111 or 167, and 256 or 260 (recommended).

ANTH 374. ARCHAEOLOGY OF THE MIDDLE EAST
Overview of the archaeology of the prehistoric and early historic periods resulting from nearly two centuries of archaeological work in the Middle East. Focus on the principal research questions that have guided archaeological work in the region and how archaeologists have tried to answer them. Prerequisite: at least one course on anthropological archaeology.

ANTH 375 (also AFST 374). ARCHAEOLOGY OF AFRICA
Covering the period from the earliest archaeological traces (ca. 2 million years ago) through the rise of complex polities in the last millennium, this course traces the complexity of human social and cultural development in the African continent with an emphasis on Africa south of the Sahara. Emphasis will be placed on how archaeologists approach reconstruction of the African past and on critical evaluation of archaeological interpretation. Prerequisite: ANTH 111, 125, or 167, or permission of instructor.

ANTH 376. THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF FRONTIERS
Examines boundaries, frontiers, and the processes of colonization from an archaeological perspective focusing on the European expansion beginning in the 15th century and continuing into the 20th century. Prerequisite: ANTH 111, 130, 169, or another course in archaeology.

ANTH 378. FROM SPACE TO PLACE
Examines how people use space to construct identity and community and to create boundaries and negotiate power. Different peoples have landscaped, imagined, and infused space with meanings, as well as manipulated and contested it to create places that contextualize their lives. Prerequisite: ANTH 111.

ANTH 380. SPECIAL TOPICS IN ANTHROPOLOGY/2 or 4 credits
Particular themes and problems announced in advance. May be repeated for credit if topic varies. Prerequisite: consent of instructor.

ANTH 410. WOMEN OF AFRICA
Ethnographic explorations of the lives of women in Africa. How women perceive and react to forces of modernization and change: strategies they use to deal with increasingly complex and unpredictable social, economic, and political circumstances. Course orientation is comparative, analytical. Prerequisite: one sociocultural anthropology course.

ANTH 411. WOMEN OF THE MIDDLE EAST
Ethnographic explorations of the lives of women in the Middle East. How women perceive and react to forces of modernization and change; strategies they use to deal with increasingly complex and unpredictable social, economic, and political circumstances. Course orientation is comparative, analytical. Prerequisite: one sociocultural anthropology course.

ANTH 442 (also LING 442 and S0C 370).SOCIOLINGUISTICS/1995-96
Language in its social and cultural contests. Language varieties; marking functions of speech. Ethnography of speaking. Conversational analysis. Techniques of sociolinguistic field work. Prerequisite: ANTH 118.

ANTH 466 (also LING 466 and PSYC 306).PSYCHOLINGUISTICS/1994-95
Survey of psycholinguistics. Theoretical issues, research methods, and substantive findings in study of language perception, production, and acquisition. Models of language performance and Its emergence in children. Prerequisite: one from LING 118, ANTH 118, PSYC 220, 355, 356, PHIL 215, or 225.

ANTH 474. ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESEARCH AND THEORY
Theoretical considerations, current methods, conduct of archaeological research project. Problem formulation, research design, sampling, logic of science classification, analytical techniques, decision making, contemporary questions. Material presented at advanced level; it is assumed students have considerable background and commitment to archaeology. Prerequisites: ANTH 167 and one other archaeology course.

ANTH 475. LABORATORY METHODS IN ARCHAEOLOGY
Postexcavation study of materials recovered, instruction and practice in laboratory analysis of artifactual materials, methods of typological classification, interpretation of analytical results, Illustration and writing of archaeological reports. Prerequisites: ANTH 167 and 371-372.

ANTH 477. FIELD METHODS IN ETHNOGRAPHY
Sociocultural anthropology field practicum in local community. Research design, independent field work using participant observation, other appropriate techniques. Prerequisite: one anthropology course.

ANTH 480. TOPICS IN ANTHROPOLOGY
Particular themes and topics announced in advance. May be taken more than once if topic varies.

ANTH 491. PRACTICUM IN COLLEGE TEACHING
Independent study by means of teaching in particular course in Anthropology Department. Various assignments closely directed by instructor in that course, including development of syllabi and other course materials; construction and reading of examinations; lecturing and/or discussion leadership; laboratory supervision; academic counseling of students. May be repeated for a total of no more than 8 credits. Credit may not be earned in conjunction with course in which student is concurrently enrolled. Does not satisfy major or all-college requirements. Prerequisites: consent of instructor and department. P/F only.

ANTH 495. INTERNSHIP PROJECT
Internship project under guidance of faculty member, in an institution, agency, or program. Requires permission of instructor. Four credits may be counted toward the major.

ANTH 497. INDEPENDENT WORK/1-4 credits
Meets special needs and interests of advanced students on tutorial or seminar basis. Prerequisites: consent of instructor and departmental director of undergraduate studies.

ANTH 499. SENIOR HONORS

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Graduate Programs

Anthropology seeks to understand the nature and origins of human biological variability and cultural diversity, through systematic exploration and scientific examination of human groups and their artifacts and lifeways, past and present. Anthropology's traditional emphasis is on the study of small-scale societies, but recent practical and theoretical concerns have broadened the scope of anthropological research to include the entire range of ethnically complex and globally interdependent societies of the world. Ecological, physiological, psychological, historical, economic, artistic, technological, and political phenomena all fall within the current purview of anthropology. The discipline thus draws freely on various fields of study in the humanities and natural sciences, as well as in the various social sciences, in its exploration of the patterns of human adaptation.
The traditionally recognized subfields of the discipline are four: archaeology, biological anthropology, linguistics, and sociocultural anthropology. Binghamton University's faculty represent the four subfields, and this coverage is key to the training of its students. However, departmental research and graduate training is also structured around three domains of research and theory that cross-cut the subdisciplines. These approaches are: 1) ecological and biobehavioral anthropology, an approach that employs ecological, evolutionary, and population paradigms in conjunction with natural science and sociocultural perspectives; 2) political economy, which seeks to understand the ways that forces at the state and supra-state levels interact with local-level institutions and practices; and 3) critical anthropology, which attempts to ascertain the influence of culturally instituted power in the structuring of social science practices, including methodologies and theory building.
The programs leading to the degrees of master of arts and doctor of philosophy in anthropology contain a subfield breadth requirement of study in at least three of the four subfields. The subfields requirement is paired with a requirement for examination of various concepts that cross-cut and thereby integrate the four subfields.
A central objective of graduate training in anthropology is the ability to develop and communicate original thought and research. To this end, all recipients of graduate degrees submit original written work in demonstration of their ability to apply appropriate findings, concepts, and analytical techniques of anthropology to a problem identified by the individual student.

Master of Arts Program

The master of arts degree in anthropology is awarded to students who demonstrate a substantial command of the subject matter of the discipline and an ability to engage in the professional pursuits of anthropologists, as defined above.

Admission

A bachelor's degree-not necessarily in anthropology-from an accredited college is required for admission. All applicants must submit recent GRE aptitude test scores and a statement of career goals.

Course Requirements

A total of 30 credits is the minimum credit requirement, but this minimum is often exceeded upon the advice of the student's principal advisor.
Subfields requirement: Four courses (16 credits) from the following list, all passed with a grade of B- or better. The courses chosen must represent at east three of the four subfields and must include at least one from the sociocultural group.

Sociocultural:
ANTH 510. Sociocultural Theory
ANTH 560. History of Ethnological Theory
ANTH 571. Seminar in Social Anthropology

Archaeological:
ANTH 516. History of Archaeological Theory and Practice
ANTH 551. Strategies of Archaeology I
ANTH 573. A-T. Seminar: The Archaeological Study of Cultural Systems
ANTH 576. A-I. Seminar: Problems in Archaeological Area Studies

Biological:
ANTH 515. Evolutionary Theory
ANTH 572. A-J. Seminar in Biological Anthropology

Linguistics:
ANTH 517. Linguistic Anthropology
ANTH 521. Descriptive Linguistics
ANTH 524. A-M. Topics in Anthropological Linguistics

ANTH 589. Anthropological Concepts:
Background in at least three of the four subfields is a prerequisite for enrollment in this course, offered every fall semester (six credits). This course must be passed with a grade of B- or better.

Electives (exclusive of ANTH 591 and no more than four credits of ANTH 599) eight credits of electives to be chosen with the advice of the student's principal advisor. Students are generally encouraged to take at least one course which emphasizes ethnographic content.

Courses taken to meet the above 30-credit minimum must be passed at an average of 3.0 (B).
It should be remembered that the above is a minimum credit requirement. Individual students may need to take considerably more than this minimum to acquire master's-level command of the subject matter of the discipline and to meet the needs of their master's degree research.

Foreign Language

Students must demonstrate an ability to read research literature in their areas of interest in a major language of scholarship in addition to English. This requirement is usually fulfilled by the presentation of an acceptable critique or translation of a journal article selected with the advice and consent of the student's principal advisor.

Teaching

Students planning a career in teaching may gain practical experience in teaching as part of their graduate training. They may receive up to four graduate credits for this experience by taking ANTH 591, Practicum in Teaching College Anthropology, although this credit may not be applied to the minimum credit requirements for a graduate degree.

Master's Examination

Each student must pass a written examination demonstrating familiarity with the basic hypotheses and procedures of anthropological research and competency in applying them to theoretical and methodological problems. The master's examination doubles as the final examination for ANTH 589, Anthropological Concepts.

Thesis

Each student must either write a thesis or-with the approval of the original seminar instructors-two revised seminar papers in lieu of a thesis. (Students undecided about further graduate work beyond the MA degree are usually required to complete a thesis.) In either case, the thesis or revised seminar papers must each be read and approved by the student's principal advisor and at least one other member of the department faculty. Students may count up to four credits of ANTH 599, Thesis, toward the minimum total credit requirement for the master's degree.

Doctor of Philosophy
Program

The degree of doctor of philosophy in anthropology is awarded to students who have shown mastery of the general materials of anthropology and a substantial command of the specialized subject matter of one or more of the four subfields, and who have successfully carried out research that constitutes an original contribution to the discipline.

Admission

Students without substantial academic experience beyond the BA are not normally admitted to the PhD program, although the MA is required neither for admission nor for receipt of the PhD. Students currently in the MA degree program should consult their principal advisors or the director of graduate studies concerning procedures for admission to the PhD program. Others must submit recent GRE aptitude test scores along with their applications for admission to the Graduate School. In either case, students applying to the PhD program may be admitted conditionally, pending completion of a master's program, the master's examination, or specific graduate course work. Students admitted to the PhD program may obtain an MA in the course of their studies by fulfilling the MA requirements.

Courses

Students in the PhD program must complete the same requirements as for the MA program (see above for details), plus additional electives and dissertation credit requirements, as follows:

Minimum credits from MA requirements (subfields requirement, ANTH 589, electives)/30 credits
Additional electives (exclusive of ANTH 599, 698, and 699, and no more than 4 credits of ANTH 591) to be chosen with the advice of the student's guidance committee and the written approval of its chair/26 credits
ANTH 699, Dissertation, as required to maintain registration after admission to candidacy

Minimum total credits 56

Students who have completed appropriate graduate courses at another university may be exempted from up to 32 credits including one or more of the four required subfield courses, but not usually from ANTH 589. Required background for enrollment in ANTH 589, Anthropological Concepts, is the same for doctoral students as for master's students (see above for details). All entering students are advised at the time of initial registration concerning individual course exemptions and requirements. In this regard, it should be understood that these are minimum course requirements. Specialized graduate work often requires course work beyond this minimum.

Foreign Language and Research Skills

If necessary for a student's doctoral research, knowledge of a field research language and other skills may be required in addition to the foreign language requirement described for the MA. These will be determined by the student's guidance committee.

Teaching

(Some requirements for MA degree)

Admission to Candidacy

To be admitted to candidacy, students must satisfactorily complete all course and language and research skill requirements as determined by their guidance committee. Following this, they must (1) pass a written examination covering three specialized topics selected in consultation with their guidance committees, (2) present a colloquium in which they describe their dissertation research plans to the students and faculty of the department, (3) pass an oral examination administered by the guidance committee and covering the material treated in the candidacy examination and the dissertation colloquium, and (4) submit an acceptable dissertation prospectus. Students can register for ANTH 699, Dissertation, only on admission to candidacy.

Granting of the Degree

Each doctoral candidate must demonstrate the ability to carry out an original research project and submit the findings in a dissertation acceptable to the student's doctoral guidance committee. On satisfactory completion of the dissertation, the candidate defends it before an examining committee consisting usually of the guidance committee plus an outside examiner appointed by the vice provost for graduate studies and research. On successful completion of these requirements and receipt of the final draft of the dissertation, the department recommends that the candidate be awarded the degree of doctor of philosophy in anthropology.

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Course Offerings/
Graduate


NOTE: Unless otherwise indicated, all graduate courses are offered in both 4-credit and 1-credit versions. The 1-credit version of a course typically entails doing all required reading and participating in all class discussion but not doing any written or oral assignments. Performance in the 1-credit version of a course is usually evaluated S/U (Satisfactory/Unsatisfactory) rather than with a letter (ABCDF) grade. ANTH 589 (Anthropological Concepts) and courses taken in fulfillment of the subfields requirement may not be taken in this special 1-credit version. Students must obtain the consent of their principal advisor to opt for the 1-credit version of a course.

ANTH 589. ANTHROPOLOGICAL CONCEPTS/6 credits
Concepts used by anthropologists in discipline's four subfields. Theoretical traditions from which concepts are drawn, differing definitions of same concepts in these traditions, use of concepts in field work and laboratory. Offered every fall semester; final examination doubles as master's examination, in which each student must demonstrate familiarity with basic hypotheses and procedures of anthropological research, and competency in applying them to theoretical and methodological problems.

ANTH 590. WRITING SKILLS AND PUBLICATION
This is a practical course for students working on theses or wishing to revise papers for publication. We approach writing as a process, and stress practical issues such as: time management; style, focusing especially on communicating ideas clearly; preparing tables, figures; managing reference materials; and word-processing as a tool. We demystify the publishing process by discussing where to submit your publications; peer review; what to do when your paper is rejected; and your rights as an author.

General and Sociocultural Anthropology

ANTH 510. SOCIOCULTURAL THEORY
Current theoretical approaches in sociocultural anthropology, insights and errors of functionalism, structuralism, historical paradigms leading toward a theory of structured social practice (institutions, classes, etc.) situated in space-time.

ANTH 520. SOCIAL ORGANIZATION
Structural, ecological, historical approaches to account for variability in human social organization. Theoretical and ethnographic treatment of principles of domestic and kin-based groups, age and sex ascription, tribe, caste, class affiliation, residential configurations, formal (bureaucratic) and informal (network) types of organization.

ANTH 530. STRATEGIES IN SOCIOCULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY I: FIELD METHODS
Field research, including ethics, politics, and interpersonal relations, interviewing, survey, and observational procedures, quantitative methods.

ANTH 538. PACIFIC VOYAGING
Developing of Monte Carlo simulations of Micronesian and Polynesian voyages of exploration and colonization, integrating oceanographic and naval architectural data with small-population dynamics and native theories of navigation.

ANTH 539. MARITIME ANTHROPOLOGY
A. Adaptations of selected Western and aboriginal maritime traditions to local oceanographic, meteorological, economic settings. Navigation seen from perspective of cognitive anthropology and positional astronomy.
B. The Chesapeake Bay. Estuaries and associated wetlands as seen from biological, geological and oceanographic points of view. Design and economic significance of working sailboats from the Bermuda sloops through the Baltimore clippers, to the modern skipjacks.

ANTH 540. SEMINAR: THE POLITICS OF ETHNICITY
Research seminar for advanced graduate students. Political implications of ethnic groups and boundaries; social processes which maintain ethnic units, exchange of values within and between ethnic units; recruitment and loss of personnel. Specific focal topics vary. Prerequisite: consent of instructor.

ANTH 550. ETHNOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS
Works of diverse ethnographers seen through perspective of sociology of knowledge. In-depth and individualized analysis of intellectual and social, historical, other non-intellectual forces that shape ethnographic research.

ANTH 560. HISTORY OF ETHNOLOGICAL THOUGHT
Major contributions toward problem definition and explanation of social and cultural phenomena, mainly since 18th century. Some attention to historical as well as intellectual context.

ANTH 570. STRATEGIES IN SOCIOCULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY II: RESEARCH DESIGN AND ANALYSIS
Design of field research projects, including problems of operationalization and validity as well as methods of quantitative and non-quantitative data collection and analysis. Pragmatic outcome: writing research grant proposals. Prerequisite: ANTH 530.

ANTH 571. SEMINAR IN SOCIAL ANTHROPOLOGY/1- 4 credits
A. Women and Culture
B. Economics
C. Religion and Symbol Systems
D. Politics and Law
E. Medical Anthropology
F. The Individual in Society
G. Science and Technology
H. Women in the Middle East
I. Impact of Rapid Social Change
J. Sociocultural Contexts of Anthropology
K. Topic to be selected
Extensive reading and discussion. May be repeated for credit as topic varies.

ANTH 574. SEMINAR IN RESEARCH PROCEDURES AND TECHNIQUES
A. Ecological Anthropology
B. Anthropology of Complex Societies
C. Mathematical Methods
D. Cross-Cultural Methods
E. Survey Techniques for the Anthropologist
F. Modeling and Simulation
G. Topic to be selected
May be repeated for credit as topic varies.

ANTH 575. SEMINAR IN ETHNOGRAPHIC AREA STUDIES
Reading and discussion of ethnography, research on problems in ethnology of a specified geographical area.
A. Circum-Mediterranean
B. Africa
C. India
D. Pacific
E. Southeast Asia
F. Latin America
G. North America
H. Caribbean
J. Middle East
K. Europe
L. Topic to be selected
May be repeated for credit as topic varies.

ANTH 581. RESEARCH SEMINAR IN COMPLEX SOCIETIES
A. Urban Anthropology
B. Peasant Societies
C. Complex Societies
D. Development Anthropology
E. Ethnicity
F. Social Networks
G. Topic to be selected
May be repeated for credit as topic varies.

ANTH 582. RESEARCH SEMINAR IN HUMAN ECOLOGY
A. Population
B. Subsistence Strategies
C. System Integration
D. Succession
E. Sex and Reproduction
F. Energetics
G. Ecology and Development
H. Migration
I. Production in Agrarian Society
J. Human Biogeography
K. Comparative Production Systems
L. Topic to be selected
Ecological anthropology. May be repeated for credit as topic varies. Requires consent of instructor.

ANTH 584. PRACTICUM IN ETHNOGRAPHIC FIELD RESEARCH
Small-scale field research projects carried out locally. Prerequisites: ANTH 530 and consent of instructor.

Archaeology

ANTH 516. HISTORY OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL THEORY AND PRACTICE
Changing archaeological field techniques, laboratory techniques, typological concepts, interpretative concepts; our changing understanding of neolithic and urban
revolutions.

ANTH 551. STRATEGIES OF ARCHAEOLOGY I
Archaeological methods in general context. Research design, use of ethnographic and ethnohistoric data in model-building, planning, and organization of field work, sampling, data control, laboratory methods.

ANTH 553. CULTURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT - POLICY
AND PROCEDURES/ 2 credits
Various cultural resources related to present management regulations and practices, legal and political obligations, present contracting practices of federal and state agencies. Management process, case studies to evaluate present state of the art in this application of anthropological science.

ANTH 555. THE CONDUCT OF ARCHAEOLOGY IN THE CULTURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK/2 credits
Practical problems of conducting archaeological research in this applied framework; complex, often ill-defined constraints under which archaeologist must operate. Case studies demonstrate evolution of cultural resource management programs and projects. Provides technical and theoretical bridge between anthropological archaeology and its application in management framework.

ANTH 572A. HUMAN SKELETAL BIOLOGY
This course deals with skeletal anatomy and with other aspects of human skeletal biology. All parts of the skeleton will be studied, and selected systems will be treated from a comparative and evolutionary perspective. Other topics include sex and age determination from bone, pathology, biometry and the applications of these approaches to paleodemographic population reconstruction.

ANTH 573. SEMINAR: THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL STUDY OF CULTURAL SYSTEMS
Seminars focusing on theoretical approaches to archaeological problems. Evaluation of such topics as Marxism, feminist theory, and evolution in archaeological research. May be repeated for credit as topic varies.
A. Hunters and Gatherers
B. Tribal and Ranked Societies
C. Urban and State Societies
D. Marxism and Archaeology
F. Feminism and Archaeology
G. Political Economy
S. Space, Time, and the Built Environment
T. Topic to be selected

ANTH 576. SEMINAR: PROBLEMS IN ARCHAEOLOGICAL AREA STUDIES
All PhD students in archaeology should take at least two area courses under the ANTH 576 rubric.
A. Old World
B. Mediterranean
C. North America
D. Andean Archaeology
E. Africa
F. Rank Societies
G. Hunters-Gatherers
H. Southeastern United States
I. Topic to be announced
May be repeated for credit as topic varies.

ANTH 583. PRACTICA IN ARCHAEOLOGICAL METHODS/2-4 credits
In-depth experience in specific analytical tasks common to day-to-day work of archaeology. May be repeated for credit as topic varies. Particular themes and topics announced in advance.
A. Ceramic Analysis
B. Lithic Analysis
C. Environmental Analysis: Zooarchaeology and Taphonomy
D. Ethnographic and Ethnohistorical Methods
E. Spatial Analysis
F. Chronometric Techniques
I. Archaeological Illustration
M. Mortuary Analysis
P. Proposal Writing
Q. Quantitative Methods
T. Classification
May be repeated for credit as topic varies.

Biological Anthropology

ANTH 515. EVOLUTIONARY THEORY
Basic principles, general body of theory within evolution. Human population dynamics, modern genetic synthesis. Background for further studies in biological anthropology.

ANTH 545. HUMAN ADAPTABILITY
Method and theory in biological patterns of adaptation of humans to environment. Problem orientation and research preparation in areas of health, nutrition, reproduction, climatic tolerance, growth, physical performance. Approaches at individual, population, and ecosystem levels.

ANTH 546. HUMAN PALEONTOLOGY
Systematics and principles of classifying organisms. The evolution of Tertiary hominoid primates. Australopithecines and early members of the genus Homo. Homo erectus and human evolution in the Pleistocene. Independent work required.

ANTH 547. HUMAN POPULATION GENETICS
Problem-oriented study of theory and method of population genetics of man. Mathematical analyses on consequences of mating practices, consanguinity, genetic drift, population isolation, and selection.

ANTH 572. SEMINAR IN BIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY
Major aspects of biological anthropology within areas of expertise of faculty. Basic concepts and current literature related to method, theory, analysis; discussion of recent scientific problems in the field. Seminars research-oriented with independent work required of students.
A. Human Skeletal Biology
B. Biology of Primates
C. Anthropological Genetics
D. Human Growth and Development
E. Human Biological Variation
F. Nutritional Anthropology
G. Anthropological Demography
H. Medical Anthropology
I. Sociobiology
J. Topic to be selected
May be repeated as topic varies. Prerequisite: ANTH 515 or consent of instructor.

Linguistics

ANTH 517. LINGUISTIC ANTHROPOLOGY
Application of linguistic concepts, techniques, findings to wide range of anthropological topics: genesis of language, biological and psychological basis of human communicative abilities, exploration of unity and diversity of human species, role of language in explication of other aspects of culture and society. Required linguistic concepts developed in class (no previous training in linguistics assumed).

ANTH 521. DESCRIPTIVE LINGUISTICS
Theory, techniques of linguistic analysis. Phonetics, phonology, lexicomorphology, morphosyntax, syntactic-semantic relations. Field methods. Genetic, areal, typological comparison. Linguistics in anthropology.

ANTH 523. COGNITIVE ANTHROPOLOGY
Language, culture, cognition. Analytic principles of ethnographic semantics. Native systems of classification. Structure of psychocultural reality. Folk theory, cultural knowledge systems.

ANTH 524. TOPICS IN ANTHROPOLOGICAL LINGUISTICS
May be repeated for credit as topic varies.

Independent Study, Teaching, and Research

ANTH 591. PRACTICUM IN TEACHING COLLEGE ANTHROPOLOGY/1-4 credits/semester
S/U grading only.

ANTH 597. INDEPENDENT STUDY /1-4 credits/semester
Prerequisite: consent of instructor and director of graduate studies in anthropology.

ANTH 599. THESIS /1-4 credits/semester

ANTH 698. PREDISSERTATION RESEARCH /1-9 credits/semester
Independent reading and or research in preparation for comprehensive examinations for admission to PhD candidacy, and or preparation of dissertation prospectus. Graded on S/U basis only.

ANTH 699. DISSERTATION/1-12 credits/semester
Research for and preparation of the dissertation. Prerequisite: PhD candidacy, or achievement of same during semester enrolled.

ANTH 700. CONTINUOUS REGISTRATION /1 credit/semester
Required for maintenance of matriculated status in graduate program. No credit toward graduate degree requirements. Requires approval of principal advisor, director of graduate studies, and vice provost for graduate studies and teaching.

ANTH 707. RESEARCH SKILLS /1-4 credits
Development of research skills required within graduate programs. May not be applied toward course credits for any graduate degree. Prerequisite: approval of relevant graduate program directors or department chairs.

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