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Chemistry

Faculty

*Year of initial appointment at Binghamton

Bane, Susan L., Associate Professor, PhD, 1983, Vanderbilt University: Bioorganic and biophysical chemistry, ligand receptor mechanisms. (1985)*

Brinker, Udo H., Professor, Dr. rer. nat., 1973, University of Cologne: Synthetic and mechanistic organic chemistry, highly strained compounds, reactive intermediates, carbenes. (1988)

Dix, James A., Associate Professor and Director of Undergraduate Studies, PhD, 1977, University of California at Los Angeles: Biophysics, membrane transport. (1981)

Doetschman, David C., Professor, PhD, 1969, University of Chicago: Photochemistry and electron paramagnetic resonance. (1975)

Eisch, John J., Distinguished Professor, PhD, 1956, Iowa State University: Synthetic and mechanistic studies of organometallic compounds and unusual heterocyclic nuclei. (1972)

Hull, C. Max, Professor Emeritus, PhD, 1935, Ohio State University: Organic chemistry. (1950)

Innes, K. Keith, Distinguished Professor Emeritus, PhD, 1951, University of Washington: Investigations of electronic spectra of molecules, nonlinear spectroscopy. (1969)

Janauer, Gilbert E., Professor Emeritus, PhD, 1962, University of Vienna: Reactive ion exchange, ion exchange resin selectivity for hydrophobic species, and the effects of organic solvents. (1965).

Jones, Wayne E., Assistant Professor, PhD, 1991, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill: Inorganic photochemistry and photophysics: photo induced electron transfer; energy transfer; inorganic and organometallic odd electron species; supercritical fluids; multielectron transfer and storage systems. (1993)

Lees, Alistair J., Professor and Department Chair, PhD, 1979, University of Newcastle-upon-Tyne: Photochemistry and spectroscopy of transition-metal organometallic complexes. (1981)

Madan, Stanley K., Professor Emeritus, PhD, 1960, University of Illinois: Kinetics, preparation and characterization of metal complexes. (1960)

Martin, Olivier R., Professor and Director of Graduate Admissions, PhD, 1980, University of Geneva: Carbohydrate chemistry, structure-biological activity relationships of nucleoside antibiotics. (1983)

McDuffie, Bruce, Professor Emeritus, PhD, 1947, Princeton University: Analytical and environmental chemistry, toxic metals and organic pollutants, river studies. (1958)

Musfeldt, Janice L., Assistant Professor, PhD, 1992, University of Florida: Physical chemistry; spectroscopic studies of low-dimensional electronic and magnetic solids; organic charge-transfer salts, conducting and light-emitting polymers, inorganic magnetic materials. (1995)

Myers, Clifford E., Professor Emeritus, PhD, 1956, Purdue University: High-temperature materials chemistry, thermodynamics, vaporization reactions. (1963)

Norcross, Bruce E., Associate Professor, PhD, 1960, Ohio State University: Organic chemistry reaction mechanisms. (1962)

Sadik, Omowunmi A., Assistant Professor, PhD, 1994, Wollongong University: Analytical and environmental chemistry, biosensors. (1996)

Starzak, Michael E., Professor, PhD, 1968, Northwestern University: Biophysical chemistry of membranes. (1970)

Stevens, Eugene S., Professor and Director of Graduate Studies, PhD, 1965, University of Chicago: Biophysical chemistry of saccharides and polysaccharides. (1977)

Whittingham, M. Stanley, Professor, D. Phil., 1968, Oxford University: Materials and inorganic chemistry, synthesis and properties of new materials. (1988)

Adjunct Faculty


Hartwick, Richard A., Adjunct Associate Professor, PhD, 1978, University of Rhode Island: Chemical separations; HPLC, capillary electrophoresis; biomedical applications. (1990)

Poliks, Mark D., Adjunct Assistant Professor, PhD, 1987, University of Connecticut: High resolution solid state NMR spectroscopy. (1992)

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Undergraduate
Programs

The Department of Chemistry offers BA and BS degrees in chemistry, both of which are liberal arts degrees. The BS degree is generally recognized as preparation for a career in chemistry at the bachelor's level and hence offers a greater concentration in the field, whereas the BA program provides a greater flexibility in designing a plan of study. Both degrees provide a background in chemistry for graduate and professional study. The department also offers degrees with emphasis in materials or emphasis in biophysical chemistry, as well as a minor in chemistry.
The department requires a GPA of 2.0 or better in courses presented to satisfy either BA or BS major requirements. Among these courses, no more than two with a grade of P may be included.

BA Degree Program

The major in chemistry leading to the BA degree requires the following courses: CHEM 111*, 221, 231, 332, 341, 351, 496; MATH 221 and 222; PHYS 121 and 122 (or PHYS 131 and 132); 1-1/2 additional courses** from among CHEM 335, 422, 432, 445, 455, 465, and 497/498; two additional courses in chemistry; one additional course* within the Division of Science and Mathematics.

*CHEM 107-108 may be substituted for CHEM 111. If this substitution is made, the additional course in the Division of Science and Mathematics is not required.
**Subject to approval of the department, laboratory courses from other departments may be substituted.

No more than 12 credits of CHEM 397 and 497/498 may be used to satisfy the major, and no more than four of these credits may be CHEM 397.
These requirements afford students considerable flexibility in designing courses of study suited to their particular needs and interests. To take full advantage of that flexibility, it is important to plan carefully the sequence of courses in the first two years of study. The student is encouraged to seek early advice from a faculty member.
The following sample sequences are offered as a general guide.

Sequence with CHEM 111

Fall /Spring

Freshman
CHEM 111 /CHEM 231
MATH 221 /MATH 222

Sophomore
CHEM 332 /CHEM 221
PHYS 121 /PHYS 122

Junior
CHEM 341 /CHEM elective
CHEM 351 /CHEM elective

Senior
CHEM 496 /CHEM elective
CHEM elective /Science elective

Sequence with CHEM 107-108

Fall/ Spring

Freshman
CHEM 107 /CHEM 108
MATH 221 /MATH 222

Sophomore
CHEM 231 /CHEM 332
PHYS 121 /CHEM 221*, PHYS 122

Junior
CHEM 341 /CHEM elective
CHEM 351 /CHEM elective

Senior
CHEM 496 /CHEM elective
CHEM elective

*Pre-health students may prefer to defer CHEM 221 to the junior year.

These sequences allow the student to explore the various upper-division chemistry course offerings in the junior and senior years.
It is possible to begin specialization within the major early, by choosing a group of electives concentrated on one particular area of chemistry, such as organic, analytical, inorganic, or physical chemistry. Students may also design a program interdisciplinary in nature, by choosing complementary electives in other disciplines such as biology, geology, or physics. Especially in the case of tailored programs, students should obtain advice from Chemistry Department faculty as early as possible in their careers.
For those students desiring a broad background in chemistry, the following general track of chemistry electives is suggested.
1. CHEM 335
2. CHEM 422
3. CHEM 442, 443, 444, 445, or 484
4. CHEM 451, 452, or 455.

BA Program with Emphasis in Materials

The major in chemistry with emphasis in materials leading to the BA degree requires the following courses: CHEM 111, 221, 231, 341, 351, 444, 496; MATH 221, 222; PHYS 121, 122 or 131, 132; one course from among CHEM 332, 451, 452, 455, 461; one additional course from 445, 497/498 or other materials laboratory course and 1/2 course from CHEM 335, 422, 432, 445, 465, and 497/498; and two materials course electives at any level.

BS Degree Program

The major in chemistry leading to the BS degree requires the following courses: CHEM 111, 221, 231, 332, 335, 341, 351, 422; MATH 221, 222, PHYS 121, 122 (or PHYS 131, 132); one course from among CHEM 442, 443, 444, 445, 484; either CHEM 451 or 452; CHEM 455 (4 credits); and CHEM 496; and four courses in the Division of Science and Mathematics, or professionally related courses.
These courses provide the student with a broader and more intense course of study than the BA degree.
CHEM 107-108 may be substituted for CHEM 111 in any program.
The following sample sequences are offered as a general guide.

Sequence with CHEM 111

Fall /Spring

Freshman
CHEM 111 /CHEM 231
MATH 221 /MATH 222

Sophomore
CHEM 332 /CHEM 221
CHEM 335 /Science elective
PHYS 131* /PHYS 132*

Junior
CHEM 351 /P CHEM II**
CHEM 341/INORG II***
CHEM 422 /Science elective

Senior
CHEM 455 /Science elective
CHEM 496/ Science elective

Sequence with CHEM 107-108

Fall /Spring

Freshman
CHEM 107 /CHEM 108
MATH 221 /MATH 222

Sophomore
CHEM 231 /CHEM 332
PHYS 131*/ CHEM 335, CHEM 221, PHYS 132*

Junior
CHEM 351/ Phys. chem. II**
CHEM 341 /Inorganic II***
CHEM 422 /Science elective

Senior
CHEM 455 /Science elective
CHEM 496 /Science elective
Science elective


*Physics with calculus is strongly recommended but not required.
**Phys. Chem. II may be CHEM 451 or CHEM 452.
***Inorganic II may be CHEM 442, 443, 444, 445, or 484.

BS Program with Emphasis in Materials

The major in chemistry with emphasis in materials leading to the BS degree requires the following courses: CHEM 111, 221, 231, 332, 335, 341, 351, 422, 444, 455, 496 and either 451 or 452; MATH 221 and 222; PHYS 121 and 122 (or PHYS 131 and 132); one course in the Division of Science and Mathematics, or professionally related course; and three materials course electives which include an advanced laboratory or the completion of a research project and two others at any level.

BS PROGRAM WITH EMPHASIS IN BIOPHYSICAL CHEMISTRY

The major in chemistry with emphasis in biophysical chemistry leading to the BS degree requires the following courses: CHEM 111, 221, 231, 332, 335, 341, 351, 422, 461, 465, 496; MATH 221, 222; PHYS 121, 122 (or PHYS 131, 132); one course from among CHEM 442, 443, 444, 445, 484; three biophysical chemistry course electives; 1/2 course of chemistry laboratory elective; and one course in the Division of Science and Mathematics, or professionally related course.

Chemistry Minor

Requirements for the minor are:
1. CHEM 107 and 108
2. Four CHEM courses numbered 200 or above. At least two of these courses must be numbered 300 or above.
CHEM 111 may be substituted for CHEM 107-108. If this substitution is made, an additional chemistry course numbered 200 or above is required. Only courses that fulfill the major requirements can be used to fulfill the minor requirements. Keep in mind that at least four of the chemistry courses used for the chemistry minor requirement must be in addition to chemistry courses used to fulfill the major requirement. Among the courses for the chemistry minor, no more than one with a grade of P may be included.

American Chemical Society Certification

The Committee on Professional Training of the American Chemical Society sponsors a program to ensure minimum standards of competence for chemists at the bachelor's degree level. In addition to the BS requirement specified by course number above, ACS certification requires that at least 2 credits of CHEM 445 or at least 2 credits of Advanced Independent Study (CHEM 497 or 498) involving laboratory work in inorganic chemistry, and at least 2 additional credits of independent study (CHEM 397, 497, or 498) involving laboratory work, be used to satisfy the four-elective requirement for the BS degree. Two credits of independent study involve four to eight hours of laboratory work.

Honors Program

Graduation with honors in chemistry is granted for superior independent work. To qualify for admission to the honors program, a student must have demonstrated academic accomplishment of high quality and must have prior enrollment in CHEM 497, Advanced Independent Study, and current enrollment in CHEM 498, Advanced Independent Research-Honors. The results of the honors project, presented in a thesis, are defended before an examining committee. Successful completion of the program earns the recognition, Distinguished Independent Work in Chemistry. Detailed guidelines for the program are available from the department office, and should be consulted by majors in their junior year.

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Course Offerings/
Undergraduate


NOTE: Unless otherwise noted, all undergraduate courses carry 4 credits and are offered every year.

CHEM 100. BASIC CHEMISTRY/every spring
For students intending to major in sciences or nursing who have not had an adequate course in chemistry prior to college or no chemistry in high school. A one semester overview of the basic concepts of chemistry including modern atomic theory, chemical bonding, chemical equations, chemical calculations, and behavior of gases. Develops skills in problem solving. Lecture and lab. Course does not fulfill all-college requirements in science and math. Prerequisite: consent of instructor.

CHEM 101. INTRODUCTION TO CHEMISTRY I/every fall
For students who want some knowledge of chemistry for itself, or who require background in chemistry for professional pursuits in such areas as nursing, psychology, social sciences, and management. Structure and reactivity of matter, chemical bonding, acids and bases, electrochemistry, nuclear chemistry, chemical equilibrium, chemical kinetics, solution chemistry. Lecture and lab. Does not satisfy major requirements.

CHEM 102. INTRODUCTION TO CHEMISTRY II/every spring
Continuation of CHEM 101. Organic chemistry, biochemistry, physiological chemistry, chemistry and the environment. Lecture and lab. Prerequisite: CHEM 101.

CHEM 107. INTRODUCTORY CHEMISTRY I/every fall
First of two courses for students who want a one-year, two-semester introductory general chemistry course as basis for further work in a science. Scientific measurement, atomic structure, periodic relationships, theories of bonding, states of matter, solution properties. Lecture and lab. Prerequisite: high school chemistry. Not open to students who have credit for CHEM 111.

CHEM 108. INTRODUCTORY CHEMISTRY II/every spring
Continuation of CHEM 107. Thermochemistry and thermodynamics; equilibrium; chemical kinetics; electrochemistry; nuclear chemistry; descriptive inorganic, organic, and biochemistry. Lecture and lab. Prerequisite: CHEM 107 or equivalent. Not open to students who have credit for CHEM 111.

CHEM 111. CHEMICAL PRINCIPLES/every fall
A one-semester introductory course in modern chemistry for potential science and engineering majors. Covers molecular structure and bonding, solids, organic chemistry and polymers, acid/base and redox chemistry, thermodynamics, electrochemistry, and kinetics in both lecture and laboratory. Fulfills all requirements met by CHEM 107-108. Lecture and lab. Prerequisite: high school chemistry. Not open to students who have credit for CHEM 107 or CHEM 108.

CHEM 180. FRESHMAN CHEMISTRY SEMINAR/every fall, 1 credit
Introduction to and discussion of current topics in chemistry. Lectures by faculty and outside speakers; introduction to the research capabilities of the department. Prerequisite: strong high school chemistry background or a score of 4 or 5 on the chemistry AP exam. P/F only.

CHEM 221. INTRODUCTION TO ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY THEORY AND PRACTICE/every spring
Principles and techniques of chemical analysis, including methods of separation, quantitative measurements, evaluation of analytical data. Topics of lectures, with laboratory examples, include titration and extraction methods (using conditional constants for multiple solution equilibria), and instrumental methods based on electrometric, spectrometric, and chromatographic approaches for determining macro to trace concentrations. Prerequisite: CHEM 108 or 111.

CHEM 231. ORGANIC CHEMISTRY I/every semester
Introduction to organic chemistry. Structure, stereochemistry, mechanisms, and reactions of carbon compounds. Prerequisite: CHEM 108 or 111.

CHEM 332. ORGANIC CHEMISTRY II/every semester
Further study of organic compounds; biological aspects of organic chemistry. Prerequisite: CHEM 231.

CHEM 335. ORGANIC CHEMISTRY LABORATORY/every semester, 2 credits
Introduction to separation, purification, and analysis of organic compounds; simple and multistep syntheses, reaction kinetics. Lecture and lab. Prerequisite: CHEM 231.

CHEM 341. INORGANIC CHEMISTRY/every fall
Relations among structure, energy, and reactivity of inorganic systems; transition and nontransition elements. Descriptive chemistry of common elements; chemistry of solid state. Prerequisite: CHEM 108 or 111.

CHEM 351. INTRODUCTION TO PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY/every fall
Elementary concepts of quantum mechanics, thermodynamics, and chemical kinetics, with applications to molecular structure and spectra, energy relationships between substances, and reactivity. Prerequisites: CHEM 108 or 111, and MATH 122; prerequisite or corequisite: PHYS 121.

CHEM 391. PRACTICUM IN COLLEGE TEACHING/every semester, variable credit
Independent study by assisting in a course. Various assignments directed by instructor including laboratory instruction. May be repeated for total of no more than 8 credits. Credit may not be earned in conjunction with course in which student is currently enrolled. Does not satisfy major or all-college requirements. Prerequisite: consent of instructor and departmental approval. P/F only.

CHEM 397. INDEPENDENT WORK/every semester, variable credit
Individual research under supervision of faculty member. Not limited to chemistry majors. May be repeated for credit. Chemistry majors repeating courses are strongly encouraged to choose different faculty supervisors. No more than four credits of CHEM 397 may be used to satisfy major requirement for chemistry. Prerequisites: consent of instructor and approval of department chair or designee. Written report of work required. Consult detailed guidelines before advance registration.

CHEM 422. INSTRUMENTAL METHODS OF ANALYSIS/every fall
Instrumentation, theory, and practice of electrometric, spectrometric, chromatographic, radio-chemical, and other physiochemical methods of measurement and analysis. Lecture and lab. Prerequisites: CHEM 221 and PHYS 122.

CHEM 431. PHYSICAL ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
Effect of structure on reactivity of organic compounds. Introduction to organic reaction mechanisms, molecular orbital theory. Prerequisites: CHEM 351 and 332.

CHEM 432. CHEMICAL SYNTHESIS/variable credit
Rationale and methods of synthesis, purification, and characterization of organic and inorganic compounds. Lecture and lab. Prerequisite: CHEM 335.

CHEM 434. BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY
Application of the theories and methodologies of organic chemistry to the study of biological systems. Topics include chemical synthesis of proteins and nucleic acids, biomemetic systems, mechanistic enzymology, and drug design. Prerequisite: CHEM 332.

CHEM 442. INTRODUCTION TO PHYSICAL INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
Descriptive chemistry of transition metal complexes. Inorganic reaction mechanisms; use of symmetry and group theory in chemical systems; applications of modern spectroscopic techniques to inorganic systems. Prerequisites: CHEM 341 and 351.

CHEM 443. MOLECULAR PHOTOCHEMISTRY
Introduction to modern molecular photochemistry of organic, inorganic, and organometallic systems. Excited states, photophysical processes, energy transfer, electron transfer, substitutional photochemistry, chemiluminescence. Prerequisite: CHEM 351.

CHEM 444. CHEMISTRY OF SOLIDS
Introduction to modern solid state and materials chemistry. Synthesis of solids, intercalation chemistry, crystal chemistry, structural analysis, catalysis, transport properties, superconductivity, electrochemistry, diffusion, and other topical areas. Prerequisite: one or more years of chemistry and/or physics.

CHEM 445. INORGANIC/MATERIALS CHEMISTRY LABORATORY/every spring, variable credit
Preparation and characterization of inorganic compounds: structure, reaction kinetics, spectroscopic properties, photochemistry. Lecture and lab. Prerequisites: CHEM 221 and 341.

CHEM 451. QUANTUM CHEMISTRY, SPECTROSCOPY, AND KINETICS/alternate spring semesters
Principles of quantum mechanics applied to problems of molecular structure and spectra. Introduction to kinetics. Prerequisites: CHEM 351 and PHYS 122.

CHEM 452. THERMODYNAMICS AND STATISTICAL MECHANICS/alternate spring semesters
Equilibrium and nonequilibrium properties of matter. Chemical thermodynamics and statistical mechanics. Prerequisites: CHEM 351 and PHYS 122.

CHEM 455. EXPERIMENTAL PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY/every fall, variable credit
Physical methods and instrumentation in chemical investigation. Design of experiments and writing scientific reports. Prerequisite: CHEM 351.

CHEM 461. BIOPHYSICAL CHEMISTRY/every fall
Physical chemistry of biological macromolecules. Molecular weight, size, and shape of macromolecules, intra- and inter-molecular forces, fine structure as revealed by spectroscopic and X-ray methods, denaturation and conformational changes, acid-base properties. Prerequisites: CHEM 351, MATH 122, and PHYS 122.

CHEM 465. BIOPHYSICAL CHEMISTRY LABORATORY/every spring, 2 credits
Laboratory examination of physical techniques in biochemistry. Experiments illustrate principles of molecular weight determination and study of macromoIecular interaction. Prerequisite: CHEM 461.

CHEM 471. TECHNIQUES FOR STUDYING SOLIDS/every other year
Introduction to the techniques used to make physical measurements on and to analyze inorganic solids. Examples include electron and optical microscopy, x-ray analysis, TGA/DTA, NMR and EPR, magnetic susceptibility, and electron and ion transport measurements. Prerequisite: junior standing.

CHEM 482. TOPICS IN ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY
Advanced treatment of selected areas of analytical chemistry. May be repeated for credit. Prerequisite: consent of instructor.

CHEM 483. TOPICS IN ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
Advanced treatment of selected areas of organic chemistry. May be repeated for credit. Recent topics include: polymer chemistry, stereochemistry, conformation, analysis, organometallic chemistry, theoretical organic chemistry, natural products, spectroscopy, synthetic organic chemistry, heterocyclic chemistry, and synthesis by organometallics. Prerequisite: consent of instructor.

CHEM 484. TOPICS IN INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
Advanced treatment of selected areas of inorganic chemistry. May be repeated for credit. Recent topics include: coordination chemistry, reactivity of solids (inorganic phase equilibria), bio-inorganic chemistry, chemical group theory, spectroscopic methods, X-ray powder diffraction, and main group chemistry. Prerequisite: consent of instructor.

CHEM 485. TOPICS IN PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY
Advanced treatment of selected areas of physical chemistry. May be repeated for credit. Recent topics include: chemical kinetics, spectroscopy, molecular modeling, magnetic resonance, surface chemistry, mathematical chemistry, and photochemistry. Prerequisite: consent of instructor.

CHEM 486. TOPICS IN BIOPHYSICAL CHEMISTRY
Advanced treatment of selected areas of biophysical chemistry. May be repeated for credit. Recent topics include: quantum biochemistry, chemical physics-biopolymers, and chemistry of membranes. Prerequisites: CHEM 231 and 351.

CHEM 487. TOPICS IN MATERIALS CHEMISTRY
Advanced treatment of selected areas of materials chemistry. May be repeated for credit. Recent topics include: X-ray powder diffraction, and reactivity of solids (inorganic phase equilibria). Prerequisite: consent of instructor.

CHEM 488. SPECIAL TOPICS IN CHEMISTRY/2 credits
Advanced treatment of selected areas of chemistry. May be repeated for credit. Prerequisite: consent of instructor.

CHEM 496. SENIOR SEMINAR/every semester, 2 credits
Presentation and discussion of current chemical literature. Includes use of library resources and computer databases of chemical literature. Students present a seminar and a poster on an assigned topic. Prerequisite: senior standing.

CHEM 497. ADVANCED INDEPENDENT STUDY/every semester, variable credit
Individual research under direct supervision of faculty member. Requires more extensive preparation than CHEM 397. Before advance registration, student must make formal application and receive approval of instructor and department. May be repeated for credit. No more than 12 credits total of CHEM 397 and CHEM 497 may be used to satisfy major requirement for chemistry. Prerequisite: completion of any three of CHEM 221, 231, 341, and 351, with the fourth as a corequisite, and demonstrated potential for independent study. Written report of work required. Consult detailed guidelines before advance registration.

CHEM 498. ADVANCED INDEPENDENT RESEARCH-HONORS/every semester, variable credit
See CHEM 497 for description. To receive the honor "Distinguished Independent Work in Chemistry," candidate must write and defend a thesis based on the research.

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Graduate Programs

The Chemistry Department offers programs leading to the degrees of master of arts, master of science, and doctor of philosophy. These programs train the student broadly in chemistry, and require original investigation in a specialized area. The PhD places major emphasis on training in depth, with the expectation of a significant contribution in the specialized area. Practical experience in teaching chemistry is also a recognized objective both in master's and in PhD programs.
An MAT program in chemistry is available in the School of Education and Human Development.

Interdisciplinary Programs

In addition to the four traditional areas of chemistry-analytical, inorganic, organic, and physical-the department also offers MS and PhD degrees with specializations in the three interdisciplinary areas of chemical physics, biophysical chemistry, and materials chemistry.

Requirements

Admission

All applicants should submit scores for the Graduate Record Examination Aptitude tests and the GRE advanced test in chemistry.

Placement Examinations

On entering the graduate programs, students are expected to demonstrate a general competence equivalent to the baccalaureate degree with a major in chemistry, or to be prepared to make up deficiencies by taking appropriate courses. Proficiency is determined by placement examinations in the major subject areas of the field. In the week preceding registration for each semester, a written comprehensive examination is given in each of the areas of organic, inorganic, physical, and analytical chemistry.
A student in the chemical physics program must demonstrate proficiency in two areas of chemistry, and either in classical physics (mechanics, electricity, and magnetism) or in quantum physics. A student in the biophysical chemistry program must demonstrate proficiency in physical chemistry and in one of the other three traditional areas of chemistry; in addition, proficiency at the undergraduate level must be demonstrated in biochemistry. A student in the materials chemistry program must demonstrate proficiency in inorganic and physical chemistry, and in solid state and materials sciences (the last topic can be replaced by taking both analytical and organic chemistry).
Students who perform satisfactorily are admitted to graduate courses numbered 500 and above. Students showing deficiencies in specific areas are required to correct these deficiencies, normally by taking appropriate courses at lower levels or by passing subsequent examinations. Undergraduate deficiencies may be removed by audit (without credit), wherein all the requirements, including examinations, must be completed; the instructor provides a grade used by the departmental graduate committee in evaluating the student's progress. To remain in the program, students are ordinarily expected to pass at least two placement examinations, or otherwise remove deficiencies prior to the beginning of the second semester; all such examinations must be successfully completed by the beginning of the second calendar year of study.

Master of Arts Program

The Master of Arts program in chemistry satisfies the needs of students who desire a master's degree based primarily on course work.
The departmental graduate committee recommends for the degree of master of arts in chemistry students who complete the following requirements:
1. Completion of an acceptable research project (at least four credits of CHEM 597).
2. Participation for one semester in the graduate seminar (CHEM 592).
3. Two semesters of Frontiers in Chemistry (CHEM 593).
4. Completion of six graduate courses, at least four of which are in chemistry, the balance to be related courses approved by the departmental graduate committee.
5. Public presentation of a seminar on the subject of the research project.
6. A total of at least 32 graduate credit hours obtained under the above requirements.

Master of Science Program

A candidate for the degree of master of science in chemistry is expected to demonstrate a general knowledge in the field, and the ability to do original work in a specialized area of the field of chemistry, leading to an acceptable thesis. The program is guided by an advisor and the departmental graduate committee until certification and approval of a research subject and advisor. The research problem is started as early as possible in the student's graduate education, consistent with the attainment of an acceptable general proficiency as determined by the satisfactory completion of appropriate courses and examinations.
The departmental graduate committee recommends for the degree of master of science in chemistry students who complete the following requirements:
1. Completion of an acceptable research project and thesis (CHEM 599).
2. Participation for one semester in the graduate seminar (CHEM 592).
3. Two semesters of Frontiers in Chemistry (CHEM 593).
4. Completion of four graduate courses, at least three of which ordinarily are in chemistry, the balance in related courses approved by the departmental graduate committee. A student in the chemical physics program must complete two courses in chemistry and two courses in physics which are approved by the graduate committee. A student in the biophysical chemistry program must complete at least two courses in chemistry and the remainder from the fields of physics, mathematics, computers, or biology, approved by the graduate committee. A student in the materials chemistry program must complete at least two courses in chemistry, including CHEM 544, and the remainder from the fields of biology, chemistry, computer science, geology, physics, or engineering approved by the graduate committee.
5. Passing an oral examination on the subject of the research thesis.
6. A total of at least 30 graduate credit hours obtained under the above requirements.
The examining committee for each candidate consists of three to five members appointed from the faculty by the departmental graduate committee and may include one or two faculty members from other departments.

Doctor of Philosophy
Program

The PhD is awarded for original investigation leading to a significant advance of knowledge in a specialized area. Courses and seminars provide necessary background in the knowledge, basic principles, methods, and theories of chemistry. Under the guidance of the departmental graduate committee, students complete those courses which best serve their particular needs. In the course of their training, they are expected to demonstrate by appropriate examinations a breadth of knowledge in chemistry; a perspective of the relation of chemistry to other fields of knowledge - particularly the fields of mathematics, physics, and biology; and competence in depth in a specialized area of chemistry. At the earliest date consistent with their general progress, students select a research topic and begin research (see below under "Research and Dissertation").

Courses

A student is normally expected to take six to eight courses, two of which may be from the fields of physics, mathematics, and biology. A student in the chemical physics program must present at least three courses in chemistry, and PHYS 524, 525, and either PHYS 511 or 514. A student in the biophysical chemistry program must present at least three courses in chemistry, and the remainder from the fields of physics, mathematics, computer sciences, or biology, approved by the graduate committee. A student in the materials chemistry program must take at least two courses outside the Chemistry Department as approved by the graduate committee. Most of the basic graduate courses in a student's program should be taken during the first year of residence.

Comprehensive
Examinations

Proficiency in a specialized area (organic, inorganic, analytical, physical, biophysical, or materials chemistry) is established by cumulative examinations. Four of these in each specialty are scheduled at stated times in each semester. Students normally begin the cumulative examinations as soon as possible after passing all of the placement examinations, and ordinarily take them in uninterrupted sequence until they pass three out of eight such cumulative examinations in the selected area of specialization. Failure to pass three out of eight such examinations is considered sufficient reason for dismissal from the PhD program. Following the satisfactory completion of the cumulative examinations, students are required to stand an oral examination in the area of specialization.
For those students pursuing research in an interdisciplinary area, an alternative examination option is available under the guidance of an interdisciplinary examining committee. For students in the chemical physics program, a comprehensive examination in physics is also required. This covers the material in the undergraduate courses of Analytical Mechanics (PHYS 341), Electromagnetic Theory (PHYS 331-332), and Quantum Theory (PHYS 421), and the graduate courses in Quantum Mechanics (PHYS 524-525) and either Statistical Thermodynamics (PHYS 511) or Applied Mathematical Physics (PHYS 514). The membership of the exam-
ining committee will be drawn from both the chemistry and physics faculties.

Seminars

All graduate students in chemistry attend and participate in seminars based on lectures presented by fellow students, faculty, and visiting scientists. Appropriate questions from such seminars are normally incorporated in the cumulative examinations.

Research and Dissertation

Since the PhD is earned primarily on the basis of original investigative work, students begin research early in their training. The departmental graduate committee reviews each student's progress at frequent intervals, at least after each semester of residence. The selection of a problem and the preceptor is made with the advice and approval of the committee, at the earliest date consistent with the student's progress in satisfying the general requirements of the program, and normally not later than the beginning of the second year. Thereafter the preceptor serves as the student's advisor. The preceptor of a student in the chemical physics program may be a member of either the Chemistry or the Physics Department.
The investigation is described in a written dissertation, prepared and submitted in accordance with the prescribed regulations of the graduate committee. The student is required to pass an oral examination in defense of the thesis.

Summary of Requirements

1. Normally six to eight courses, two of which may be from the fields of physics, mathematics, and biology. For students in the chemical physics program, at least three physics courses are prescribed. For students in the materials chemistry program, at least two courses must be outside the Chemistry Department.
2. Passing of three out of eight cumulative examinations in a specialized area, followed by an oral examination in the specialization.
3. Presenting of a seminar report before fellow students and faculty members.
4. Two semesters of Frontiers in Chemistry (CHEM 593).
5. Completion of an original investigation in a specialized area of chemistry.
6. Submission of a written dissertation and oral defense of thesis.

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Course offerings/
Graduate


CHEM 511. TECHNIQUES FOR STUDYING SOLIDS
Introduction to the techniques used to make physical measurements on and to analyze inorganic solids. Examples include electron and optical microscopy, x-ray analysis, TGA/DTA, NMR and EPR, magnetic susceptibility, and electron and ion transport measurements.

CHEM 521. ADVANCED ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY
Theoretical foundations of analytical chemistry from an advanced standpoint, including separation and determination methods applicable to inorganic and organic species, critical evaluation of methods and data. Review of current research in analytical chemistry.

CHEM 531. ADVANCED ORGANIC CHEMISTRY I
Physical organic chemistry: structural theories. Effect of structure on reactivity. Kinetics and thermodynamics of organic reactions. Determinations of organic reaction mechanisms.

CHEM 532. ADVANCED ORGANIC CHEMISTRY II
Organic synthesis: concepts of retrosynthetic analysis. Synthetic methods: C-C bond-forming reactions, functional group interconversion, oxidation, reduction. Applications.

CHEM 534. BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY
Application of the theories and methodologies of organic chemistry to the study of biological systems. Topics include chemical synthesis of proteins and nucleic acids, biomemetic systems, mechanistic enzymology, and drug design.

CHEM 542. PHYSICAL INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
Modern spectroscopic techniques and inorganic systems; molecular symmetry and group theory in chemical applications; reaction mechanisms.

CHEM 543. MOLECULAR PHOTOCHEMISTRY
Introduction to modern molecular photochemistry of organic, inorganic, and organometallic systems. Excited states, photophysical processes, energy transfer, electron transfer, substitutional photochemistry, chemiluminescence.

CHEM 544. CHEMISTRY OF SOLIDS
Introduction to modern solid state and materials chemistry. Synthesis of solids, intercalation chemistry, crystal chemistry, structural analysis, catalysis, transport properties, superconductivity, electrochemistry, diffusion, and other topical areas.

CHEM 551. ADVANCED PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY I
Quantum chemistry, spectroscopy, and structural dynamics.

CHEM 552. ADVANCED PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY II
Thermodynamics and statistical mechanics.

CHEM 561. BIOPHYSICAL CHEMISTRY
Physical chemistry of biological macromolecules.

CHEM 581. SPECIAL TOPICS IN MATERIALS CHEMISTRY
Advanced treatment of selected areas of materials and solid state chemistry. Areas will vary from year to year. Present topics include: reactivity of solids, inorganic and materials laboratory, x-ray powder diffraction. May be repeated for credit.

CHEM 582. SPECIAL TOPICS IN ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY
Advanced treatment of selected areas of analytical chemistry, such as electro-analytical chemistry; separation methods; trace methods, environmental analysis, clinical chemistry. May be repeated for credit.

CHEM 583. SPECIAL TOPICS IN ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
Advanced treatment of selected areas of organic chemistry. Including: advanced physical organic chemistry, reactive intermediates, spectroscopic identification of organic compounds, organometallic chemistry, organic polymers, natural products chemistry. May be repeated for credit.

CHEM 584. SPECIAL TOPICS IN INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
Advanced course dealing with subjects not ordinarily covered by regularly scheduled courses; discussions of newly developing areas of inorganic research. May be repeated for credit.

CHEM 585. SPECIAL TOPICS IN PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY
Advanced treatment of selected areas of physical chemistry. Topics vary from year to year. May be repeated for credit.

CHEM 586. SPECIAL TOPICS IN BIOPHYSICAL CHEMISTRY
Advanced treatment of selected areas of biophysical chemistry. Topics vary from year to year. May be repeated for credit.

CHEM 588. SPECIAL TOPICS IN CHEMISTRY/2 credits
Advanced treatment of selected areas of chemistry. May be repeated for credit.

CHEM 591. THE TEACHING OF COLLEGE CHEMISTRY/1-2 credits
Guided experience in teaching chemistry. Normally may not be counted toward residency requirement. S/U grading only.

CHEM 592. GRADUATE SEMINAR/2 credits
Seminar discussion of current research topics. Attendance required of all degree candidates. Credit granted in those semesters student presents seminar report. May be repeated for credit.

CHEM 593. FRONTIERS IN CHEMISTRY/1 credit
Seminars on current topics in chemistry. Students attend presentations, participate in discussion, and write reports. Visiting speakers included. May be repeated for credit to be counted toward fulfilling residency requirement; may not substitute for specified course requirements (including seminars). Two credits required of all graduate students. Prerequisite: graduate standing in chemistry. S/U grading only.

CHEM 597. INDEPENDENT STUDY/1-4 credits
Directed study in a field of chemistry, under guidance and with approval of instructor and department. May be counted toward residency requirement, but does not ordinarily fulfill specified course requirements. S/U grading unless departmental approval has been obtained in advance for regular letter grading.

CHEM 598. PRE-THESIS RESEARCH/2-6 credits
Independent research toward preparation of master's thesis. Limited to six credits, to be counted toward fulfilling residency requirement, but may not be used to satisfy specific course requirements. Prerequisite: must be accepted as candidate for the master's program, with entrance exams and majority of course work complete. S/U grading only.

CHEM 599. THESIS RESEARCH/1-12 credits
Credit determined in advance by consultation with advisor. Does not count toward residency requirement. S/U grading only.

SPECIAL TOPICS SEMINARS/1 credit
CHEM 691. MATERIALS SEMINAR
CHEM 692. ANALYTICAL SEMINAR
CHEM 693. ORGANIC SEMINAR
CHEM 696. BIOPHYSICAL SEMINAR
Students attend, make presentations of, participate in discussions of current topics in chemistry. Visiting speakers included. One meeting per week. May be repeated for credit to be counted toward residency requirement, but may not be used to satisfy specific course requirements (including seminars) for MA, MS, or PhD degrees. Prerequisite: graduate standing in chemistry. S/U grading only.

CHEM 697. INDEPENDENT WORK IN CHEMISTRY FOR DOCTORAL STUDENTS/1-4 credits
Open to doctoral students who have not yet been admitted to candidacy. May not be used to satisfy specific course requirements (including seminars) for MA, MS, or PhD degrees, but may be used to fulfill residency requirements. S/U grading only.

CHEM 698. PREDISSERTATION RESEARCH/1-9 credits/semester
Independent reading and/or research in preparation for comprehensive examinations for admission to PhD candidacy, and/or preparation of dissertation prospectus. Does not count toward residency requirements. S/U grading only.

CHEM 699. DISSERTATION RESEARCH/1-12 credits/semester
Research for and preparation of the dissertation. Does not count toward residency requirements. S/U grading only.

CHEM 700. CONTINUOUS REGISTRATION/1 credit/semester
Required for maintenance of matriculated status in graduate program. No credit toward graduate degree requirements.

CHEM 707. RESEARCH SKILLS/1-4 credits
Development of research skills required within graduate programs. May not be applied toward course credits for any graduate degree. Prerequisite: approval of relevant graduate program directors or department chairs.

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