Anthropology

• FACULTY
• UNDERGRADUATE PROGRAMS
• UNDERGRADUATE COURSES
• GRADUATE PROGRAMS
• GRADUATE COURSES
• DEPARTMENT HOME PAGE

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Faculty

Antoun, Richard T., Professor, PhD, 1963, Harvard University: Social anthropology, religion, social organization of tradition, international migration; Middle East, North Africa. (1970)*

Bernbeck, Reinhard, Assistant Professor, PhD, 1991, Freie University: Archaeology, Marxist approaches, complex societies, pastoralism, spatial analysis, Near East. (1998)

Cahalen, Deborah J., Assistant Professor, PhD, 1997, University of California, Davis: Political economy, globalization, identity, Central and Eastern Europe. (1998)

Cobb, Charles R., Associate Professor, PhD, 1988, Southern Illinois University: Archaeology, Midwest and Southeast U.S.; political economy of ranked societies; lithic analysis; quantitative methods; culture resource management. (1990)

Dekin, Albert A., Jr., Associate Professor , PhD, 1975, Michigan State University: Archaeological method, cultural resource management, behavioral and intrasite spatial modeling; North AmericaArctic and Northeast. (1976)

Dyson-Hudson, Neville, Professor, DPhil, 1960, Oxford University: Social anthropology, human ecology, nomads; Africa, Middle East. (1973)

Ferradas, Carmen A., Assistant Professor, PhD, 1990, GSUC at CUNY; Social sciences theory; anthropology and development; popular culture; communication and discourse analysis; urban anthropology; ideology; social movements; Latin America. (1992)

Garruto, Ralph M., Research Professor of Anthropology and Neuroscience, PhD, 1973, Pennsylvania State University: Biomedical anthropology, human population biology; Pacific Islands, China, Latin America. (1997)

Herbert, Robert K., Professor of Anthropology and Linguistics, and Department Chair, PhD, 1977, Ohio State University: Linguistic anthropology, sociolinguistics, anthropology of sex and gender, literacy and education; Southern Africa, Eastern Europe. (1979)

Horowitz, Michael M., Professor, PhD, 1959, Columbia University: Development anthropology, human rights, gender, arid/semi-arid/river basin ecosystems, pastoral and farm systems, university-development agency linkages; Africa (especially Sahel), Near East, Caribbean. (1961)

Isbell, William H., Professor, PhD, 1973, University of Illinois: Archaeology, space and place, architecture and built environment, cultural evolution, ceramic analysis, symbolic and structural interpretation; Andean South America, nuclear America. (1971)

Little, Michael A., Professor, PhD, 1968, Pennsylvania State University: Biological anthropology, human biology of living populations, adaptation, ecology; Andes and East Africa. (1971)

McGuire, Randall H., Professor, PhD, 1982, University of Arizona: Prehistoric and historical archaeology, evolution of inequality and stratification, quantitative and archaeo-magnetic methods, cultural resource management; U.S. Southwest. (1982)

Moench, Richard U., Associate Professor, PhD, 1963, Harvard University: Economic anthropology; China, Mediterranean. (1963)

Mohsen, Safia K., Associate Professor, LLB, PhD, 1970, Michigan State University: Law and conflict, women and culture; Middle East, North Africa. (1968)

Pollock, Susan M., Associate Professor, PhD, 1983, University of Michigan: Archaeology of complex societies, feminist approaches, mortuary and ceramic analysis; the Near East. (1985)

Rightmire, G. Philip, Professor, PhD, 1969, University of Wisconsin: Human evolution, skeletal biology, fossil hominids; Africa. (1969)

Stahl, Ann B., Associate Professor, PhD, 1985, University of California at Berkeley: Archaeology of Africa, contact period, early agriculture, and subsistence, ethnohistoric methods, history of theory. (1988)

Stahl, Peter W., Visiting Associate Professor, PhD, 1984, University of Illinois: Archaeology, zooarchaeology, vertebrate taphonomy; South America. (1996)

Straight, H. Stephen, Professor of Anthropology and of Linguistics, PhD, 1972, University of Chicago: Linguistic anthropology, theoretical and developmental psycholinguistics, Mayan ethnolinguistics and sociolinguistics; Yucatan. (1970)

Vitzthum, Virginia, Assistant Professor, PhD, 1986, University of Michigan: Biological anthropology, ecological and evolutionary theory, reproductive ecology, human adaptation, Latin America. (1998)

UNDERGRADUATE PROGRAMS

      The department offers the BA and BS degrees in anthropology. Students majoring in the BA may select one of two tracks: general anthropology or anthropological perspectives. Both programs are tailored to the different interests and career goals of majors, and provide excellent training for those interested in undertaking graduate studies in anthropology or related fields. The BS degree combines anthropology with natural science approaches associated with biology, chemistry, geology, and related fields. It is directed toward students who require formal scientific training within the major to prepare them for careers or advanced studies with a scientific focus in anthropology or other disciplines.

     Sequences of courses enable the student to move from a broad understanding of anthropology to more focused topics of study. Only courses passed with a grade of C- or better will be counted toward fulfilling the requirements of a major in anthropology. No more than one course taken under the pass/fail option will be accepted in fulfillment of the minimal requirements for an anthropology major.

BA Degree Program

TRACK 1: General Anthropology

1. ANTH 112 (or 114, or 118), 166, 167 (or 169), and 168.

2. ANTH 300.

3. A course in quantitative methods or computing: ANTH 200, CS 100, 105, MATH 147, PSYC 243.

4. One course from each of the following four groups:
a. ANTH 229, 238-242, 264, 280 (with sociocultural focus), 355, 361, 363, 368, 369, 410, 411, or 477.
b. ANTH 260, 262, 280 (with archaeology focus), 321, 346, 347, 348, 374, 375, 474, or 475.
c. ANTH 333, 334, 335, 336, 337, 338, or 339.
d. ANTH 442, 466, or LING 434, or 474

5. Two courses with a focus on a geographic area.

6. Eight credits of electives at the 300-400 level in anthropology or related fields, to be chosen with the advice and consent of the student's departmental advisor. Anthropology courses at the 200 level may satisfy part of the elective requirement.

TRACK 2: Anthropological Perspectives Program

1. 28 credits in anthropology at the 100-200 level, four credits of which must be a socio-cultural area course(s).

Students concentrating in one of the subfields should include the following in their course selection:
For archaeology concentration: ANTH 167 or 169
For biological anthropology concentration: ANTH 168
For linguistic anthropology concentration: ANTH 112 and ANTH 118
For sociocultural anthropology concentration: ANTH 166

2. 28 credits at the 300-400 level, eight of which may be taken in related fields. For students concentrating in one of the subfields, a minimum of three courses in the chosen subfield should be included.

Note: No more than seven courses from a single subfield may be applied to fulfill the major requirements in either the general anthropology or anthropological perspectives program. ANTH 497, with the consent of the departmental director of undergraduate studies, may substitute for any of the major requirements.

BS Degree Program

1. ANTH 114, 166, 167, and 168.

2. Two field/laboratory courses: one field/laboratory course must be from ANTH 336, 345, 371-372, 475, 477, and one may be in a cognate field from Division of Science and Mathematics;

3. Two quantitative methods: ANTH 200; MATH 147, 221, or 222; PSYC 243; QMMG 111, or CS 140.

4. Two courses chosen from the following: ANTH 169, 214, 230, 242, 243, 244, or LING 312, 314, 316.

5. Five upper-level courses in anthropology (20 credits). Choose from ANTH 320, 321, 333, 334, 335, 337, 338, 339, 345, 346, 347, 348, 363, 369, 442, 466, 474, or LING 474. Once requirement 2 has been met, additional anthropology laboratory or fieldwork courses may be applied to this requirement.

6. Two electives from anthropology and science cognates: must include at least one science cognate. Upper-or lower-division anthropology courses may be used. Science cognates include BIOL 113, 114; PHYS 121, 122; CHEM 107, 108; GEOL 111, 113.

The total number of courses required for each program of study toward the major is fixed, and no single course may be counted twice.

Any changes in either of these two programs can be made only with the approval of the student's advisor and the director of undergraduate studies or department chair.

Honors Program
Graduation with honors in anthropology is awarded for superior independent work, and is encouraged for students who intend to pursue graduate careers. To qualify for admission to the honors program, a student must have demonstrated academic accomplishment of high quality. Applications to the program must be approved by the departmental undergraduate committee no later than the end of the sixth semester of a student's eight semesters of baccalaureate studies. A senior honors thesis, supervised by two members of the faculty, is required for honors. Normally, the honors students should enroll in ANTH 497 in their next-to-last semester to do research toward an honors thesis, and in ANTH 499 in their last semester, during which they will complete the thesis.

Minors in Anthropology
There are four possible minors in anthropology: general anthropology, sociocultural anthropology, archaeology, and biological anthropology. Each is satisfied by the completion of the course work described below. Exceptions to these requirements can be made only with the approval of the anthropology undergraduate committee, after consultation with the student's anthropology advisor.

Requirements for General Anthropology Minor
This minor in general anthropology gives the student a broad background in the field of anthropology, and encourages selection of courses from all the subdisciplines of anthropology, without specializing in any one.

Requirements:
1. Three courses (12 credits) at the 100-200 level; at least one must be at the 200 level.
2. Three courses (12 credits) at the 300-400 level.

     No more than two (eight credits) of these six courses should be from any single subfield (linguistics, archaeology, biological, sociocultural anthropology). At least one course (four credits) should be an "area course" that focuses on a specific world area or region. One of the 300-400 level courses (four credits) may be in any cognate field, chosen in consultation with the student's anthropology advisor.

Requirements for Socio-cultural Anthropology Minor
The sociocultural anthropology minor introduces students to a range of problems in the study of social and cultural systems. This minor is useful to those interested in human behavior and in a worldwide perspective on social problems and comparative cultural phenomena.

Requirements:

1. An introductory course (four credits) ANTH 166.
2. At least one sociocultural course (four credits) that focuses on the culture of a specific world area. (This will probably be at the 200 level, but it does not have to be.)
3. Three other sociocultural courses (12 credits) at the 300-400 level. Such courses include: ANTH 300, 355, 361, 363, 410, 411, or 477.
4. Remaining credits (four) as electives, which may be taken in any area of anthropology or in a cognate field, to be chosen in consultation with the student's anthropology advisor.
5. Of the courses taken for the minor, no more than two may be at the 100 level.

Requirements for Biological Anthropology Minor
The biological anthropology minor provides students with a basic understanding of the fundamental concepts of human biology, evolution, and the relationships between humans as biological and cultural animals. The program is relevant to students with interests in biology, geology, environmental studies, psychology, nursing, dentistry, medicine, and general biobehavioral science.

Requirements:

1. ANTH 168 (four credits).
2. Three courses (12 credits) at the 300 level from among ANTH 333, 334, 335, 336, 337, 338, or 339.
3. One elective course (four credits) in anthropology, preferably from among ANTH 242 or 243. The elective should be chosen in consultation with the student's anthropology advisor.
4. Another elective course (four credits) in any area of anthropology or in a cognate field, chosen in consultation with the student's anthropology advisor.

Requirements for Archaeology Minor
The archaeology minor provides students with a basic understanding of how archaeologists study and reconstruct the past. Such training is relevant to students in a wide variety of fields, including history, art history, classical studies, medieval studies, Judaic studies, African-American studies and Southwest Asian and North African studies.

Requirements:

1. One introductory course (four credits): ANTH 167 or 169.
2. Two area courses (eight credits): ANTH 260, 262, or 375.
3. Two methods courses (eight credits): ANTH 371-372, or 475.
4. One elective course (four credits) in anthropology or any cognate field, chosen in consultation with the student's archaeology advisor. Any of the courses listed above that are not used for requirements 1-3 may be used to fulfill this requirement.

GRADUATE PROGRAMS

     The traditionally recognized subfields of the discipline are four: archaeology, biological anthropology, linguistics, and sociocultural anthropology. Binghamton University's faculty represent the four subfields, and this coverage is key to the training of its students. However, departmental research and graduate training is also structured around three domains of research and theory that cross-cut the subdisciplines. These approaches are: 1) ecological and biobehavioral anthropology, an approach that employs ecological, evolutionary, and population paradigms in conjunction with natural science and sociocultural perspectives; 2) political economy, which seeks to understand the ways that forces at the state and supra-state levels interact with local-level institutions and practices; and 3) critical anthropology, which attempts to ascertain the influence of culturally instituted power in the structuring of social science practices, including methodologies and theory building.

     The programs leading to the degrees of master of arts and doctor of philosophy in anthropology contain a subfield breadth requirement of study in at least three of the four subfields. The subfields requirement is paired with a requirement for examination of various concepts that cross-cut and thereby integrate the four subfields.

     A central objective of graduate training in anthropology is the ability to develop and communicate original thought and research. To this end, all recipients of graduate degrees submit original written work in demonstration of their ability to apply appropriate findings, concepts, and analytical techniques of anthropology to a problem identified by the individual student.

Master of Arts Program

Admission
A bachelor's degreenot necessarily in anthropologyfrom an accredited college is required for admission. All applicants must submit recent GRE aptitude test scores and a statement of career goals.

COURSE REQUIREMENTS
A total of 30 credits is the minimum required for the degree, but this minimum is often exceeded upon the recommendation of the student's principal advisor.

Subfields requirement: Four courses (16 credits) from the following list, all passed with grade of B- or better. The courses chosen must represent at least three of the four subfields below and must include at least one from the sociocultural group.

Archaeology:
ANTH 551. Strategies of Archaeology
ANTH 552. History of Archaeological Theory and Practice
ANTH 554. Archaeological Study of Cultural Systems
ANTH 576. Problems in Archaeological Area Studies

Biological Anthropology:
ANTH 515. Evolutionary Theory
ANTH 540. Human Skeletal Biology
ANTH 543. Human Biological Variation
ANTH 549. Medical Anthropology

Linguistic Anthropology:
ANTH 517. Linguistic Anthropology
ANTH 521. Descriptive Linguistics
ANTH 524. A-M. Topics in Linguistic Anthropology
ANTH 568. Language and Development

Sociocultural Anthropology:
ANTH 510. Sociocultural Theory
ANTH 560. History of Ethnological Theory
ANTH 571. Seminar in Social Anthropology

ANTH 589. Anthropological Concepts: (6 credits)
Background in at least three of the four subfields is a prerequisite for enrollment in this course, offered every fall semester. This course must be passed with a grade of B- or better.

Electives (exclusive of ANTH 580, 590, 591, and no more than four credits of ANTH 599) eight credits of electives to be chosen with the advice of the student's principal advisor. Students are encouraged to take at least one course which emphasizes ethnographic content.

     Courses taken to meet the above 30-credit minimum must be passed with a B average (3.0).
It should be stressed that the above is a minimum credit requirement. Individual students may be required to complete courses in excess of the 30-credit minimum to acquire master's-level command of the subject matter of the discipline and to meet the needs of their master's degree research.

Foreign Language
Students must demonstrate an ability to read research literature in a major language of scholarship in addition to English. This requirement may be fulfilled in a variety of ways. Students should consult with their graduate advisor or the director of graduate studies early in their careers to discuss arrangements for the satisfaction of this requirement.

Teaching
Students planning a career in teaching may want to complete the requirements for the Certificate in Teaching College Anthropology, details of which are available from the director of graduate studies. Students may also gain practical experience in teaching as part of their graduate training either through a teaching assistantship in the department or ANTH 591, Practicum in College Teaching, although this credit may not be applied toward the minimum credit requirements for a graduate degree.

Master's Examination
Each student must pass a written examination demonstrating familiarity with the basic hypotheses and procedures of anthropological research and competency in applying them to theoretical and methodological problems. The master's examination doubles as the final examination for ANTH 589, Anthropological Concepts.

Thesis
Each student must either write a thesis orwith the approval of the original seminar instructors two revised seminar papers in lieu of a thesis. (Students undecided about further graduate work beyond the MA degree are usually required to complete a thesis.) In either case, the thesis or revised seminar papers must each be read and approved by the student's principal advisor and at least one other member of the department faculty. Students may count up to four credits of ANTH 599, Thesis, toward the minimum total credit requirement for the master's degree.

Doctor of Philosophy Program

Admission
Students without substantial academic experience beyond the BA are not normally admitted to the PhD program, although the MA is required neither for admission nor for receipt of the PhD. Students currently in the MA degree program should consult their principal advisors or the director of graduate studies concerning procedures for admission to the PhD program. Others must submit recent GRE aptitude test scores along with their applications for admission to the Graduate School. In either case, students applying to the PhD program may be admitted conditionally, pending completion of a master's program, the master's examination, or specific graduate course work. Students admitted to the PhD program may obtain an MA in the course of their studies by fulfilling the MA requirements.

Courses

Foreign Language and Research Skills
     If necessary for a student's doctoral research, knowledge of a field research language and other skills may be required in addition to the foreign language requirement described for the MA.
     These will be determined by the student's guidance committee.

Teaching
(Same requirements for MA degree)

Admission to Candidacy
To be admitted to candidacy, students must satisfactorily complete all course and language and research skill requirements as determined by their guidance committee. Following this, they must (1) pass a written examination covering three specialized topics selected in consultation with their guidance committees, (2) present a colloquium in which they describe their dissertation research plans to the students and faculty of the department, (3) pass an oral examination administered by the guidance committee and covering the material treated in the candidacy examination and the dissertation colloquium, and (4) submit an acceptable dissertation prospectus. Students can register for ANTH 699, Dissertation, only on admission to candidacy.

Granting of the Degree
Each doctoral candidate must demonstrate the ability to carry out an original research project and submit the findings in a dissertation acceptable to the student's doctoral guidance committee. On satisfactory completion of the dissertation, the candidate defends it before an examining committee consisting usually of the guidance committee plus an outside examiner appointed by the vice provost for graduate studies and research. On successful completion of these requirements and receipt of the final draft of the dissertation, the department recommends that the candidate be awarded the degree of doctor of philosophy in anthropology.

COURSE OFFERINGS/ UNDERGRADUATE

ANTH 111. INTRODUCTION TO ANTHROPOLOGY
An historically organized look at the broad evolution of humans and humanity. Starts with general processes of biological change, turns to comparison with primates and interpretation of the fossil record. As human capacities for culture increase, so does reliance on learned behavior and the diversity of adaptations to environment. General processes of cultural change contribute to understanding how and why current cultural adaptations exist, leading to consideration of the ways humans have organized them selves in societies.

ANTH 112 (also LING 112). LANGUAGE IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR
Introduction to interdisciplinary study of language; psychological, social, cultural aspects of language use.

ANTH 114 (also LING 114). LANGUAGE, CULTURE, AND COMMUNICATION IN THE U.S.
Introduction to the plurality of communication patterns in the U.S., with particular attention to at least three of the following communities: African American, American Indian, Asian American, European-American, and Latino American; links between cultural groups and different communication and discourse patterns; language and identity; ways in which communication differences affect intercultural interaction.

ANTH 118 (also LING 118). INTRODUCTION TO LINGUISTIC STRUCTURES
Basic methods and concepts of linguistic analysis, including phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics.

ANTH 123. SOCIAL BANDITRY
Provides a comparative respective on outlawry, especially thoselike Robin Hood and Sicilian mafiosiwho have been romanticized as heroic defenders of the poor and powerless. Cases will be selected from Roman Palestine, colonial India, precolonial Ethiopia, China, Brazil, Eastern Europe, and the United States Oklahoma Territory.

ANTH 124. MULTICULTURALISM IN THE 21ST CENTURY
Anthropological perspective on social and cultural diversity in the Western and non-Western worlds. Explores four main axes of diversity: class, race, gender, and sexuality. Readings examine these concepts by focusing on the class structure of American society and the problematic notion of the "middle class," female domestic service in Bolivia and South Africa, the changing nature of "the family," homosexuality, and ethnic stereotyping in the media. Considers various popular movements for social change in which class, gender, sexuality, and race have become politicized in particular ways. Examines the guerrilla insurgency in Guatemala, the burial rights controversy among native North Americans, gay liberation and the AIDS crisis, and women and Islamic fundamentalism.

ANTH 125. BURIED CITIES AND LOST TRIBES
Human past as seen through examination of some great archaeological sites of world, such as: Stonehenge, King Tut's tomb, Mesa Verde, Moundville, Teotihuacan, Olduvai Gorge, Pompeii, pyramids of Gaza, Sutton Hoo ship burial, Ur, Nazca.

ANTH 126 (also WOMN 126). WOMEN AND CULTURE      variable credit
Cross-cultural examination of societal factors related to role of women. Ways in which cultural definitions of "femaleness" affect attitudes toward women and their activities in society. Economic, social, political, and religious factors related to position of women. Non-Western societies, selected to represent wide range of cultural experience, analyzed to illustrate working of above factors within context of specific societies.

ANTH 128. HUMAN VIOLENCE
Considers the many forms taken by violence; different historical periods, different cultures. Variety of data to study violence, including artifacts, literature, ethnographic observations, historical documents. Different theories of violence, proposals for its control.

ANTH 130. CULTURES IN COLLISION
Anthropological perspective on colonial encounters be tween natives and newcomers during the European oceanic explorations of the 15th century and thereafter. Emphasis upon early centuries of contact and the consequences that emerged from these encounters.

ANTH 153 (also AFST 153). INTRODUCTION TO AFRICA
Human populations in Africa from origins to modern times. Geography, ecology, types of economies in relation to environment; traditional cultures, similarities and differences in social-political organization, kinship systems, village, town, community life; traditional state formation; trade, warfare, slavery, religious beliefs, values, aesthetics, cosmologies.

ANTH 166. INTRODUCTION TO SOCIAL ANTHROPOLOGY
Introduction to the comparative study of society. Analysis of social, economic, political, and ideological organization. Transition from autonomous food-producing societies to incorporation in modern colonial and independent states.

ANTH 167. INTRODUCTION TO PREHISTORIC ARCHAEOLOGY
Ideas and techniques of inquiry used by archaeologists in reconstructing human prehistory. Relationship between artifacts and behavior. Archaeological field and lab techniques. Interpreting archaeological remains.

ANTH 168. INTRODUCTION TO BIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY
Basic concepts and principles of organic evolution of humans. Living primate biology, behavior, and history. Human origins and evolution as reconstructed from the fossil record. Human population variation and continuing adaptation.

ANTH 169. HISTORICAL ARCHAEOLOGY
Introduces growing field of historical archaeology; relationship of historical archaeology to prehistoric archaeology and history; methods and theories of historical archaeology; case studies that emphasize use of documents and material record. Participation in ongoing historical archaeology research in local area.

ANTH 175. AMERICAN GRAFFITIETHNOGRAPHIC VIEWS OF AMERICAN PLURALISM
Holistic studies of African American, American Indian, Asian American, European American and Latino American social groups within American society are used to address social issues dealing with group formation, maintenance, power relations, and exploitation. Case studies span the historical and modern eras to develop thematic issues, such as gender, sexuality, family, race, ethnicity, and culture change, along with consideration of governmental social policies as they affect the cases selected.

ANTH 200. QUANTITATIVE METHODS IN ANTHROPOLOGY
An introduction to descriptive and inferential statistics and their use in anthropological problems. Computer applications in quantitative anthropological research.

ANTH 214. (also LING 214, WOMN 233). LANGUAGE, SEX, AND GENDER
Theoretical and empirical aspects of the relationship be tween language and the sexes. Sexism in linguistic structures: sex- and gender-determined patterns of language use; social and psychological implications of sex registers.

ANTH 221. ANTHROPOLOGY OF SEX AND GENDER
Cross-cultural study of sex, sexuality, and gender. Sexual practice and organization, gender identities, interaction of biological and cultural aspects. Anthropological models of sex, gender, and sexuality; relationship between these models and the sexual identities of Western anthropologists. Methodological and ethical issues in sex research.

ANTH 226. WOMEN IN LATIN AMERICA
Examines women's changing roles in various social formations, using case studies from pre-Columbian, colonial, post-revolutionary and contemporary Latin America to examine how the variables of class, gender, race, and ethnicity affect women's status.

ANTH 231. ART IN CULTURE
Aboriginal art of North America, Hawaii, New Zealand, Australia, in its cultural setting.

ANTH 242. MEDICAL ANTHROPOLOGY; HEALTH POLICY
Health and nutritional implications of planned culture change; contributions of anthropology to health policy decisions in development organizations, comparative health delivery systems. Prerequisite: ANTH 111.

ANTH 243. MEDICAL ANTHROPOLOGY: HUMAN BIOLOGY AND HEALTH
Biocultural approach to health and disease in human populations. Health inspected from epidemiologic, genetic, environmental, child growth perspectives. Prerequisite: ANTH 111.

ANTH 244. PLAGUES, CULTURE, AND HISTORY
Overview of how plagues and epidemics have shaped human history. Examines how social transformations such as sedentism, animal and plant domestication, and urbanism have produced novel forms of human/disease interactions. How infectious disease has been conceptualized at different times and by different cultural groups and treated as a threat to the social order. Currently, epidemics of new, highly virulent infectious diseases are occurring globally. Causes of this phenomenon and its implications for the future health of humans will be explored.

ANTH 251. CHINA: ITS CULTURE AND SOCIETY
Traditional Chinese social system as baseline for modern changes; Confucian theory and practice; peasant predicament in myth and reality; regionalism and states struggle for orthodoxy; role of culture in revolution.

ANTH 253 (also AFST 253). CULTURES OF AFRICA
Peoples and cultures of Africa; selected ethnographic works. Diversity richness, complexity of traditional cultures; ecological or adaptive significance of certain customs and institutions; processes of change and growth in traditional African societies. Prerequisite: ANTH 166 (pre -ferred), ANTH 111, or permission of instructor.

ANTH 254. PEOPLES AND CULTURES OF THE MIDDLE EAST
Social economic and cultural changes in Southwest Asia and North Africa. Impact of labor migration on family life and traditional cultures in both urban and rural com munities in the region. Myths and realities pertaining to Islam. Ethnicity and conflict in the area.

ANTH 255. INDIANS OF SOUTH AMERICA
Economic and social structure of Inca empire. Evolution of Andean deities. Hydrology of the Amazon Basin. War, blowguns, and hallucinogens among jungle tribes. Male-female interactions among the savanna tribes: men's houses and female associations.

ANTH 256. INDIANS OF NORTH AMERICA
Aboriginal cultures of Pacific northwest, southwestern desert, great plains, and eastern woodlands. World views, ceremonials, the supernatural, interpersonal relationships. Transformations of Indian culture resulting from ancient Mexican and European colonial activities.

ANTH 257. PEOPLES OF THE NORTHERN FOREST
Orientation to the north: polar projection maps, Arctic Circle and the midnight sun, northern lights in local mythologies, bear ceremonial, scapulimancy. Timberline: forests versus tundra. Ethnography of the Uralic, Altaic, Chukotian, Na-Dene, and the Amerind speech communities. Northern forest culture in medieval Europe and China.

ANTH 260. ARCHAEOLOGY OF NORTH AMERICAN INDIANS
Prehistory of Native North American cultures beginning with earliest known inhabitants of New World (pre-10,000 BC), ending with period of European contact and colonization (about AD 1600). Important archaeological discoveries in US and Canada. Prerequisite: one from ANTH 111, 125, 167, or 256, or permission of instructor.

ANTH 262. INCA ARCHAEOLOGY AND ANCIENT PERUVIAN CIVILIZATIONS
The Incas and their remarkable empire, sometimes compared with the Romans, were profoundly foreign to Western cultural tradition. Without a developed means of writing, Incas and their predecessors achieved excellence in political organization, economics, and law, and inspired generations of European utopian social philosophers. sources of formation primary descriptions in translation, the archaeological record, accounts of modern Incan descendants.

ANTH 264. CULTURES AND CRISIS
Comparative study of movements of cultural reform; nativ istic, revival, utopian movements, religious manifestations. Ghost Dance of western native Americans, Peyote Cult, Oceanian Cargo cults, peasant movements, western communitarian groups. Prerequisite: ANTH 111.

ANTH 267. ARCHAEOLOGY IN THE NEWS: REPRESENTATIONS OF THE PAST IN THE MEDIA
This course offers an in-depth examination of the way in which archaeology is portrayed in the print media; recent archaeological discoveries and controversies. We will also examine the way in which the news is constructed by the media, drawing on recent literature on media analysis in a number of disciplines. Prerequisite: a prior course with an archaeology component.

ANTH 280. TOPICS IN ANTHROPOLOGY
Particular themes and topics announced in advance. May be taken more than once if topic varies.

ANTH 300. HISTORY OF ANTHROPOLOGICAL THOUGHT
Anthropological thought in West from earliest times to present: 19th and 20th centuries, corresponding to period of emergence of anthropology as academic discipline. Developments related to broader historical context of changing social, political, economic circumstances. Role and significance of contemporary anthropology; correlative developments in sociology, psychology, human biology. Prerequisite: ANTH 111 or 166.

ANTH 301. CONTEMPORARY SOCIAL THEORY
Examines central themes in anthropology today, with an emphasis on contemporary social theory. Focus is on debates of the past three decades--the struggle over whether anthropology is primarily an explanatory or interpretive enterprise, over positivism and relativism, the nature of culture, and the relationship between anthropologists and the people they study. Examines the impact of feminism, Marxism, critical theory, poststructuralism and postmodernism on anthropology. Prerequisites: ANTH 111 or 166; ANTH 300 helpful.

ANTH 321. ANCIENT ENVIRONMENT AND SUBSISTENCE
Offers a comprehensive introduction to the materials and methods used by archaeologists to construct inferences about ancient environments and subsistence from clues that survive in the buried record. Lectures and laboratory demonstrations critically examine the accumulation, preservation, recovery, analysis, and interpretation of archaeobotanical and archaeozoological data. Prerequisites: either ANTH 167, 169, or consent of instructor.

ANTH 333. POPULATION IN ANTHROPOLOGY
Population composition and processes, their relationship to problems of anthropological interest. Basic demographic concepts and methods. Historic and prehistoric demography. Relationships between population growth and cultural evolution; population control in past; social and biological determinants, and consequences of changes in fertility, mortality, migration patterns. Prerequisite: ANTH 111.

ANTH 334. COMPARATIVE ASPECTS OF HUMAN GROWTH
Human growth processes from conception to old age; biological aspects of growth, with consideration of secular trends, individual and population variations, and cultural factors that can influence biological growth processes. Prerequisites: ANTH 111 or 168.

ANTH 335. HUMAN ORIGINS
Fossil evidence for human evolution. Evolutionary mechanism and systematics. The earliest hominids from Africa, the emergence of genus Homo, and the evolution of humans in the Pleistocene. Lecture and laboratory sections. Prerequisite: ANTH 168.

ANTH 336. THE HUMAN SKELETON
Human skeletal anatomy, including interpopulation comparisons, sex and age determination, pathology, osteometry, simple statistical treatment of measurements; application to paleodemographic population reconstruction. Laboratory sessions arranged. Prerequisite: ANTH 111 or 168.

ANTH 337. HUMAN BIOLOGICAL VARIATION
Processes controlling biological variation in modern popu lations, interaction of environmental factors with genetic material of populations, human adaptation to climate, altitude, population density, and stress. Prerequisite: ANTH 111 or 168.

ANTH 338. INTRODUCTION TO THE PRIMATES
Biology and behavior of the non-human primates. Classification, ecology, function, and comparative anatomy of prosimians, monkeys, and apes. Paleontology of the order will be considered, among with the evolution of social behavior. Prerequisite: ANTH 111 or 168.

ANTH 339. ANTHROPOLOGY OF DIET AND NUTRITION
Biocultural approach to study of diet and nutrition incorpo rating both cultural variability and biological predictability of food use; basic nutrition concepts. Prerequisite: ANTH 111 or 168.

ANTH 345. HISTORIC AMERICAN MATERIAL CULTURE
Examines how historical archaeologists analyze the mate rial culture of the Europeans and European Americans who colonized and occupied the North American continent from the 17th through early 20th centuries. Emphasis on the manufacturing processes involved in the production of different classes of material culture and their use by European Americans and non-European Americans. Prerequi sites: ANTH 167 and 169 or another course in archaeology.

ANTH 346. STONE AGE ARCHAEOLOGY
Investigations of human biocultural evolution and adaptations during Old Stone Age, primarily in Old World; hunter-gatherers as models, kinds of Paleolithic data; how archaeologists research, excavate, reconstruct the past. Prerequisite: ANTH 125 or 167, or any archaeology area course.

ANTH 347. FOUNDATIONS OF WORLD CIVILIZATION
Comparative analysis of archaeological research in both Old and New Worlds in understanding cultural changes that led to agriculture, villages, urbanism, calendrics, conquest, warfare, other aspects of civilization. Prerequisite: ANTH 125 or 167, or any archaeology area course.

ANTH 348. THE ORIGINS OF URBANISM
Emergence of urban societies in Old and New Worlds. Concepts such as city, civilization, social stratification as they pertain to earliest urban communities. Developmen tal processes leading to increased complexity and new social institutions. Explanatory theories, archaeological methods, courses of events, presented within ecological perspective. Prerequisite: ANTH 111, 125, or 167.

ANTH 350. POWER
Power is the basis of all social relationships, a component of all social situations. To test Machiavell's discomforting perspective on human existence we examine a variety of theories and a wide range of cases, across time and around the world. Included are African kings, Indian councils, Mediterranean families; leaders from the New Guinea highlands and the U. S. Senate; the battle of the sexes and generations; patrons and clients; doctors and patients; bosses and workersthe powerful, the powerless, and the power-hungry just about anywhere and anytime. Students are encouraged to develop their own versions of these perennial situations to reflect their own interest. In the end, they will have learned something about power, about the world we create and live in, writing, and about themselves.

ANTH 351 (also AFST 351). CONCEPT OF RACE IN WESTERN THOUGHT
See African Studies for description.

ANTH 355. RELIGIOUS FUNDAMENTALISM
Examines a variety of religious experiences/ideologies labeled "fundamentalism" by comparing and contrasting them in three religious traditions: Islam, Christianity, and Judaism. No prerequisites.

ANTH 361. COMPARATIVE RELIGION AND SYMBOLIC SYSTEMS
Religious and magical beliefs and practices of non-literate as well as literate peoples; relationships between their languages and philosophies; ritual, symbol, myth, and folklore in cross-cultural perspective. Prerequisites: ANTH 111 or 166; any sociocultural area course.

ANTH 363. ANTHROPOLOGY OF DEVELOPING NATIONS
Social, political, and economic change in the Third World. Articulation of rural production systems with world market. Analysis of rural and urban development, famine, population, poverty, inequality, and powerlessness. Economic and environmental impacts of United Nations, World Bank, and other development organizations.

ANTH 368. MODERN DEVELOPMENT IN CHINA AND JAPAN
Exploration into historical explanation of China's and Japan's radically different development histories since European penetration in mid-19th century, structured as a debate between culture-as-explanation (stress on internal differences between Qing and Tokugawa social structures) and capitalism-as-explanation (differences of impact of Western imperialism as determinant of Japan's early capitalist development, China's "underdevelopment"). A dialectical resolution is offered. Prerequisite: one sociocultural anthropology course, or its equivalent, or permission of instructor.

ANTH 369. PEOPLE AND THE ENVIRONMENT ANTHROPOLOGICAL VIEWS
The places of humans in their natural environment are the result of an intersection of evolutionary trajectories and cultural traditions. Culture provides a distinctive lens through which people view their world and their place in it. Cultural ecology as an approach to understanding; contrasting world views held by different societies; depictions of the environment and of the people in it; human impacts on the environment; and environmentalism and public policy. Prerequisites: ANTH 111; or two of the following: ANTH 166, 167 or 168; and junior standing or permission of the instructor.

ANTH 370. NATIVE AMERICA TODAY
Examination of the history of the struggle of Native Americans to survive over the past 500 years as background to a consideration of contemporary Native American life through such topics as education, health, law, art, culture, and stereotypes. Prerequisite: introductory course in an thropology or U.S. history.

ANTH 371-372. FIELD METHODS OF ARCHAEOLOGY      summer only
Students participate in archaeological research project. Research designs. Instruction, practice in basic field tech niques of excavation, surface survey, mapping, photogra phy, cataloging. Prerequisite: ANTH 111 or 167, and 256 or 260 (recommended).

ANTH 374. ARCHAEOLOGY OF THE MIDDLE EAST
Overview of the archaeology of the prehistoric and early historic periods resulting from nearly two centuries of archaeological work in the Middle East. Focus on the principal research questions that have guided archaeological work in the region and how archaeologists have tried to answer them. Prerequisite: at least one course on anthropological archaeology.

ANTH 375 (also AFST 374). ARCHAEOLOGY OF AFRICA
Covering the period from the earliest archaeological traces (ca. 2 million years ago) through the rise of complex polities in the last millennium, this course traces the complexity of human social and cultural development in the African continent with an emphasis on Africa south of the Sahara. Emphasis will be placed on how archaeologists approach reconstruction of the African past and on critical evaluation of archaeological interpretation. Prerequisite: ANTH 111, 125, or 167, or permission of instructor.

ANTH 376. THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF FRONTIERS
Examines boundaries, frontiers, and the processes of colonization from an archaeological perspective focusing on the European expansion beginning in the 15th century and continuing into the 20th century. Prerequisite: ANTH 111, 130, 169, or another course in archaeology.

ANTH 378. FROM SPACE TO PLACE
Examines how people use space to construct identity and community and to create boundaries and negotiate power. Different peoples have landscaped, imagined, and infused space with meanings, as well as manipulated and contested it to create places that contextualize their lives. Prerequisite: ANTH 111.

ANTH 380. SPECIAL TOPICS IN ANTHROPOLOGY      2 or 4 credits
Particular themes and problems announced in advance. May be repeated for credit if topic varies. Prerequisite: consent of instructor.

ANTH 410. WOMEN OF AFRICA
Ethnographic explorations of the lives of women in Africa. How women perceive and react to forces of modernization and change: strategies they use to deal with increasingly complex and unpredictable social, economic, and political circumstances. Course orientation is comparative, analytical. Prerequisite: one sociocultural anthropology course.

ANTH 411. WOMEN OF THE MIDDLE EAST
Ethnographic explorations of the lives of women in the Middle East. How women perceive and react to forces of modernization and change; strategies they use to deal with increasingly complex and unpredictable social, economic, and political circumstances. Course orientation is com parative, analytical. Prerequisite: one sociocultural an thropology course.

ANTH 442 (also LING 442 and S0C 370). SOCIOLINGUISTICS
Language in its social and cultural contests. Language varieties; marking functions of speech. Ethnography of speaking. Conversational analysis. Techniques of sociolinguistic field work. Prerequisite: ANTH 118.

ANTH 466 (also LING 466 and PSYC 306). PSYCHOLINGUISTICS
Survey of psycholinguistics. Theoretical issues, research methods, and substantive findings in study of language perception, production, and acquisition. Models of lan guage performance and Its emergence in children. Prerequisite: one from LING 118, ANTH 118, PSYC 220, 355, 356, PHIL 215, or 225.

ANTH 474. ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESEARCH AND THEORY
Theoretical considerations, current methods, conduct of archaeological research project. Problem formulation, research design, sampling, logic of science classification, analytical techniques, decision making, contemporary questions. Material presented at advanced level; it is assumed students have considerable background and com mitment to archaeology. Prerequisites: ANTH 167 and one other archaeology course.

ANTH 475. LABORATORY METHODS IN ARCHAEOLOGY
Postexcavation study of materials recovered, instruction and practice in laboratory analysis of artifactual materials, methods of typological classification, interpretation of analytical results, Illustration and writing of archaeological reports. Prerequisites: ANTH 167 and 371-372.

ANTH 477. FIELD METHODS IN ETHNOGRAPHY
Sociocultural anthropology field practicum in local community. Research design, independent field work using participant observation, other appropriate techniques. Prerequisite: one anthropology course.

ANTH 480. TOPICS IN ANTHROPOLOGY
Particular themes and topics announced in advance. May be taken more than once if topic varies.

ANTH 491. PRACTICUM IN COLLEGE TEACHING
Independent study by means of teaching in particular course in Anthropology Department. Various assignments closely directed by instructor in that course, including development of syllabi and other course materials; construction and reading of examinations; lecturing and/or discussion leadership; laboratory supervision; academic counseling of students. May be repeated for a total of no more than 8 credits. Credit may not be earned in conjunction with course in which student is concurrently enrolled. Does not satisfy major or all-college requirements. Prereq uisites: consent of instructor and department. P/F only.

ANTH 495. INTERNSHIP PROJECT
Internship project under guidance of faculty member, in an institution, agency, or program. Requires permission of instructor. Four credits may be counted toward the major.

ANTH 497. INDEPENDENT WORK      1-4 credits
Meets special needs and interests of advanced students on tutorial or seminar basis. Prerequisites: consent of instructor and departmental director of undergraduate studies.

ANTH 499. SENIOR HONORS