COURSE OFFERINGS


UNDERGRADUATE

NOTE: Unless otherwise noted, all undergraduate courses carry 4 credits and are normally offered every year.

Accounting
Note: ACCT 211 is a prerequisite for all other accounting courses.

ACCT 211. FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING
Basic concepts and methodology of financial accounting, including an introduction into the rules and tools used by financial accountants, with an analysis of major accounts within the chart of accounts. Includes an examination of the accounting environment, ethical issues and practice problems for the financial accountant. Prerequisite: sophomore standing.

ACCT 212. MANAGERIAL ACCOUNTING
Introduction to managerial accounting. Accounting as an informational system to provide managers with the basis for decision making. Includes basic CVP analysis, job and process costing, standard costing and variance analysis, as well as specific situational decision making matrices. Not open to accounting students.

ACCT 305. COST ACCOUNTING
Introduction to cost accounting. Emphasis on the interface between financial accounting informational needs and internal accounting information needs for internal decision-making purposes. Major topics (emphasis on accounting for): job and process costing, CVP analysis, standard costing and variance analysis, cost behavior as well as CIM, just-in-time manufacturing and transfer pricing. Prerequisites: ACCT 211 and junior standing.

ACCT 311. INTERMEDIATE ACCOUNTING THEORY I
Financial accounting theory at the intermediate level. Principles, concepts and assumptions that underlie contemporary accounting practices with emphasis on asset accounts. Ethical considerations and international perspectives are also provided. Prerequisites: ACCT 211 and junior standing.

ACCT 312. INTERMEDIATE ACCOUNTING THEORY II
Continuation of ACCT 311. Refinement and development of financial accounting theory. Emphasis on balance sheet accounts, including leases, pensions, deferred taxes and long-term liabilities. Ethical considerations and an international perspective are provided for a number of the topics. Prerequisites: ACCT 311 and junior standing.

ACCT 455. ADVANCED ACCOUNTING THEORY
Extension of financial accounting to the study of additional accounting entities such as partnerships, consolidated firms, multinational firms, state and local governmental units, and non-profit organizations. Introduction to the study of ethics related to business combinations and to appreciation of international accounting diversity. Prerequisites: ACCT 312 and senior standing.

ACCT 460. AUDITING
A study of the theory and practice of auditing in the verification of financial statements by independent public accounting firms. The nature and economic purpose of auditing; auditing standards; professional ethics and conduct; legal liability; internal control systems and EDP auditing; working paper preparation; audit sampling; audit evidence; audit techniques related to financial accounts; auditors’ reports; and compilation and reviews of financial statements. Prerequisites: ACCT 312 and senior standing.

ACCT 475. FEDERAL INCOME TAXATION I
Application of federal income tax law to individuals. Concept of gross and taxable income with an analysis of the Internal Revenue Code, regulations and court decisions. Includes research sources used to solve problems in preparation of personal income tax returns, including foreign taxpayers and non-U.S. source income, ethics of tax practice. Prerequisite: senior standing.

ACCT 476. FEDERAL INCOME TAXATION II
Application of federal income tax law to partnership, corporations and fiduciaries. Topics include transactions between partners and partnership for retirement, death, transfer or partial liquidation of an interest; tax shelters, special deductions for corporations; Subchapter S; corporate distributions and reorganizations; tax on accumulated earnings; personal holding companies; taxations on trusts and estates (introductory); tax appeal and conference procedures. Prerequisites: ACCT 475 and senior standing.

ACCT 480. SPECIAL TOPICS IN ACCOUNTING  every other year
Particular topics within broad area of accounting. Topics determined in advance. May be repeated for credit. Prerequisites: consent of instructor and junior standing.

ACCT 491. PRACTICUM IN COLLEGE TEACHING IN ACCOUNTING  1-2 cr.
Independent study by teaching in School of Management accounting courses at the sophomore or junior level. Under the direction of the instructor, the student’s primary responsibility is to lead workshop, lab and/or course review sessions. Other responsibilities may include proctoring and reading examinations. Does not satisfy major or all-college requirements. Open only to seniors. Pass/Fail grading only. Maximum of two credit hours. Prerequisites: minimum grade of A– in the School of Management course to be taught and consent of instructor and director of undergraduate programs. No more than one teaching practicum may be counted toward the degree.

ACCT 495. INTERNSHIP var. cr.
Opportunity to obtain academic credit for well-structured, work-related experiences in the field of accounting. Faculty supervision and consent necessary. Strong academic content, degree relevancy must be demonstrated. Pass/Fail option only. Prerequisites: junior standing and consent of instructor.

ACCT 497. READINGS AND RESEARCH IN ACCOUNTING
Tutorial reading, research or participation in a seminar, depending on interests, needs and capabilities. Prerequisites: consent of instructor and senior standing.

Human Resources Management

Note: HRM 311, QMMG 111 and junior standing are prerequisites for all other courses in human resources management.

HRM 311. ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR
Overview of human behavior in work organizations. Theoretical, empirical and applications issues examined from individual, interpersonal, group and organizational perspectives. Topics include overview and history of the field, perceptions, attitudes, learning processes, personality, motivation, stress, performance appraisal, group dynamics, leadership, communication, decision making, job design, organizational structure and design, organizational change and development. Prerequisites: QMMG 111 and junior standing.

HRM 320. HUMAN RESOURCES MANAGEMENT
Overview of human resources management-personnel administration and industrial relations in work organizations. Theoretical, empirical and applications issues examined in terms of the interface between individuals and the organization. Topics include overview and history of the field, legal and social issues, planning, job analysis and design, recruitment and selection, training and development, performance appraisal, compensation and rewards, labor-management relations and collective bargaining, health and safety, career development, international issues.

HRM 324. HUMAN RESOURCES SELECTION AND INFORMATION SYSTEMS
Focuses on staffing issues, international HRM and HR information systems. Integration is achieved through projects centered around developing HRIS for applicant tracking, skill matching and Web-based recruiting, as well as selection strategies for international assignments, expatriate/repatriate assignment and training issues, etc. Also deals with critical issues confronting HR managers, such as the impact of technology on the organization, creating potential HR opportunities and potential EEO-related problems. Designed for HRM majors, international business, MIS students. Prerequisite: HRM 320.

HRM 348. PERFORMANCE AND COMPENSATION MANAGEMENT
Cost of labor is the highest single cost to organizations, representing anywhere from 40 to 50 percent of bottom-line costs. Course focus is on issues surrounding the decision making behind determination and control of these costs. How compensation affects employee benefits, rewards and performance evaluations. How issues of compensation support the ways organizations motivate employees. A practical, hands-on course primarily developed through extensive projects helping students understand the types of decisions managers make regarding pay and benefits. For students interested in understanding what goes on behind the scenes that affects organizational compensation. Prerequisite: HRM 320.

HRM 480. SPECIAL TOPICS IN HUMAN RESOURCES MANAGEMENT
Particular topics within broad area of human resources management. Topics determined in advance. May be repeated for credit. Prerequisite: consent of instructor and HRM 320.

HRM 497. READINGS AND RESEARCH IN HRM
Tutorial reading, research or participation in a seminar depending on interests, needs and capabilities. Prerequisites: senior standing and consent of instructor.

Finance

Note: FIN 311 is a prerequisite for all other finance courses, and all finance courses have QMMG 111, ECON 160 and 162, ACCT 212 or 305 and junior standing as prerequisites.

FIN 311. FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT
Basic concepts of financial management. Topics generally include the time value of money, risk and return, bond and stock valuation, capital budgeting, cost of capital, capital structure, dividend policy and financial planning.

FIN 320. FINANCIAL MARKETS AND INSTITUTIONS
This course provides an overview of financial markets and institutions, considers theories of interest rate structure, and details the money and capital markets. The emphasis of the course is on commercial banks. Topics in this section include the nature of commercial banking, asset, liability and capital management, deposit insurance, regulation, economies of scale and scope, and international banking. Thrift institutions are also considered.

FIN 322. INVESTMENTS
Various institutional, analytical and pragmatic aspects of security analysis and investment management; securities markets, sources of investment information, bond and stock valuation models, risk return analysis, behavior of security prices, portfolio management; capital market theory.

FIN 324. CORPORATE FINANCE
An in-depth examination of valuation and financial decision making in the corporate setting, including some case analysis. Topics generally include capital market efficiency, required rates of returns, options in the corporate setting, long-term investments, capital structure, financial planning and dividend policy.

FIN 450. DERIVATIVES
Introduction to and a comprehensive analysis of the derivatives markets in the U.S. Topics include discussions of options, futures, swaps and futures markets. Prerequisites: FIN 311, 322.

FIN 460. INTERNATIONAL FINANCE
Analysis of foreign exchange, use of derivative assets and other tools aimed at successful international financial management.

FIN 480. SPECIAL TOPICS IN FINANCE
Particular topics within broad area of finance. Topics determined in advance. May be repeated for credit. Prerequisite: consent of instructor.

FIN 497. READINGS AND RESEARCH IN FINANCE
Tutorial reading, research or participation in a seminar, depending on interests, needs and capabilities. Prerequisites: senior standing, consent of instructor.

Management Information Systems

Note: MIS 111 is required for all other MIS courses.

CCS 111. COMPUTER TOOLS FOR MANAGEMENT
Introductory study of computer productivity tools in a business context. Emphasis on establishing fluency in current microcomputer tools, a conceptual foundation for developing fluency in future tools, and an understanding of the proper organizational problem domains of each type of computer tool. Each student builds a practical foundation in basic computing knowledge and skills necessary to effectively use computer-based productivity tools. (Credit toward degree cannot be earned for both CCS 111 and CS 105.)

MIS 311. INFORMATION SYSTEMS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS
Survey of information systems and how they relate to administration and management. Topics include the technological structure and organizational function of information systems. The nature of information/knowledge and how information systems affect society is discussed from a critical perspective. Prerequisites: junior standing.

MIS 323. SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND SPECIFICATION
This course provides an understanding of the systems development and modification process. It enables students to choose and adapt system development methodologies. In approaching a project, it teaches the principles of high-quality information requirements determination and specification through effective communication with users and all other stakeholders in systems development and maintenance and appropriate documentation standards. Participatory approaches like JAD, SSM, ETHICS or prototyping are emphasized. Prerequisite or corequisite: MIS 311.

MIS 333. DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS
This course provides an understanding of how database information technology contributes to organizational data management. It covers the implementation of logical design specifications in a database environment. Topics include data models and modeling methods with emphasis on semantic and relational data description languages; information systems planning and information engineering; alternative database architectures: relational, network, object-oriented; the role of data dictionaries, repositories and CASE tools; systems life cycle, user participation and post-implementation review in the database approach. Prerequisite: MIS 311. Prerequisite or corequisite: MIS 323.

MIS 363. INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE
This course teaches the hardware/software technology background that enables systems personnel to understand the trade-offs in computer architecture and networks for effective use in the business environment. The student establishes the necessary technical competence for anticipating and resolving problems that arise in the integration of the hardware/software components of an IS architecture into a smoothly working system. This study includes concrete examples of computer organization, systems programs such as operating systems and language translators, data communications networks and open systems. Students experiment with these concepts using programming exercises. Prerequisite: MIS 311. Prerequisite or corequisite: MIS 323.

MIS 383. BUSINESS TELECOMMUNICATIONS
This course surveys issues, technologies and skills relating to the application of data communications and telecommunications technology in management systems. Topics include an introduction to data communications technology such as common carrier systems, local area networks, wide area networks, network operating systems, communications protocols and network security. Also covered are network design, management techniques and models, and social/psychological aspects of telecommunications. Prerequisites: MIS 311 and 323.

MIS 473. INFORMATION SYSTEMS PROJECT
This is a capstone course in information systems development. During the course, the student participates in a realistic case study project in the analysis, design and/or implementation of a system emphasizing material from other MIS courses. The course includes a survey of proper information system project management techniques. This course qualifies the student to be a productive entry-level member of an industry project team.

MlS 480. SPECIAL TOPICS IN MIS
Particular topics within broad area of MIS. Topics determined in advance. May be repeated for credit. Prerequisites: MIS 311, junior standing and consent of instructor.

MIS 497. READINGS AND RESEARCH IN MIS
Tutorial reading, research or participation in a seminar, depending on interests, needs and capabilities. Prerequisites: MIS 311, senior standing and consent of instructor.

Marketing

Note: MKTG 311 is a prerequisite for all other marketing courses, and all marketing courses have QMMG 111, ECON 160 and 162 and junior standing as prerequisites.

MKTG 311. INTRODUCTION TO MARKETING
The marketing environment; ethical issues, consumer behavior, marketing planning; product, price, promotion and distribution decisions.

MKTG 320. MARKETING RESEARCH
Role of marketing research; research design, sampling, questionnaire construction, data collection methodology, techniques for data analysis, report writing.

MKTG 322. CONSUMER BEHAVIOR
Marketing, consumer and public policy perspectives of consumer behavior; individual, social and cultural dimensions of consumer behavior; attitude theory and measurement.

MKTG 324. MARKETING STRATEGY
Advanced issues dealing with marketing planning and strategy of price, product, promotion and distribution decisions. Both theoretical and practical aspects are covered.

MKTG 340. ADVERTISING
Advertising strategy and the management of advertising within the context of a marketing program. Primary emphasis is on the following advertising decision areas: selection of target markets, establishment of communication objectives, selection of and working relationships with advertising agencies, creative strategy and execution, media selection, appropriations and budgets, and program evaluation procedures. The social, economic and legal considerations involved in marketing communications management and their impact on the advertising process are also discussed.

MKTG 441. MICROCOMPUTERS IN MARKETING
The course uses spreadsheets as a basic analytical tool to help in marketing decision making. Topics include various product, promotion, pricing and distribution decisions in marketing where marketing models may be used. Both conceptual and practical aspects of models are discussed. Students become very familiar with writing and using macros.

MKTG 470. INTERNATIONAL MARKETING
Focuses on marketing management problems in the international environment. Emphasis on techniques and strategies necessary to incorporate a marketing concept into today’s international marketplace. An understanding of the scope of international marketing activities and the impact of culture and environment on marketing programs is developed.

MKTG 480. SPECIAL TOPICS IN MARKETING
Particular topics within broad area of marketing topics determined in advance. May be repeated for credit. Prerequisite: consent of instructor.

MKTG 497. READINGS AND RESEARCH IN MARKETING
Tutorial reading, research or participation in a seminar, depending on interests, needs and capabilities. Prerequisites: senior standing and consent of instructor.

Operations Management

Note: OPM 311 is a prerequisite for all other OPM courses, and all OPM courses have QMMG 111, ECON 160 and 162 and junior standing as prerequisites.

OPM 311. OPERATIONS MANAGEMENT
An introduction to the design, planning and control of systems that produce goods and services. Topics include quality management, forecasting, product design, capacity planning, facility layout, MRP, just-in-time manufacturing, scheduling, project planning and inventory management.

OPM 320. MANUFACTURING MANAGEMENT
The study of the management of modern manufacturing systems. Topics include manufacturing resources planning (MRP II), just-in-time manufacturing, flexible manufacturing systems and computer integrated manufacturing.

OPM 322. INTRODUCTION TO TOTAL QUALITY MANAGEMENT
Principles of quality assurance and control. Topics include the history and philosophy of quality, graphical measurement of quality, process capability indices, control charts, acceptance sampling and process control human factors in quality assurance.

OPM 324. MANAGEMENT OF SERVICE OPERATIONS
Analysis of managerial problems in service industries and the study of techniques available for their effective solution. Topics include planning and allocation of resources in service systems, service system design, capacity management, location of service facilities, workforce planning and scheduling, managing service quality and after-sales service support strategies.

OPM 480. SPECIAL TOPICS IN OPM  every other year
Particular topics within broad area of operations management. Topics determined in advance. May be repeated for credit. Prerequisite: consent of instructor.

OPM 497. READINGS AND RESEARCH IN OPM
Tutorial reading, research or participation in a seminar, depending on interests, needs and capabilities. Prerequisites: senior standing and consent of instructor.

Law and Society

BL&S 111. LEGAL ENVIRONMENT OF MANAGEMENT I
Nature and role of law and its relation to business. Substantive law of contracts, procedural aspects governing creation and conduct of business enterprise. Introduction for pre-law, accounting, management, liberal arts students.

BL&S 112. LEGAL ENVIRONMENT OF MANAGEMENT II
Substantive law of agency, partnerships and corporations. Law in action, covering business enterprise from formulation to dissolution. Introduction for pre-law, accounting, management, liberal arts students. Prerequisite: BL&S 111.

Global Strategic Management

MGMT 411. GLOBAL STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT
Capstone course providing conceptual tools for integrating functional skills acquired in previous courses. Emphasis is on strategic and socially responsible operation of the total enterprise in a global environment. Course combines lectures with in-depth case analyses. Students research industries and companies, make oral presentations and write research papers. Prerequisites: completion of all required courses, and senior standing.

MGMT 480. SPECIAL TOPICS IN STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT
Particular topics within the broad area of strategic management. Topics determined in advance. May be repeated for credit. Prerequisite: consent of instructor.

MGMT 497. READINGS AND RESEARCH IN STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT AND RESEARCH
Tutorial reading, research or participation in a seminar depending on interests, needs and capabilities. Prerequisites: senior standing and consent of instructor.

Statistics

Note: MATH 121 or 120M is required for all courses in managerial statistics; and all other courses in managerial statistics have QMMG 111 as prerequisite.

QMMG 111. STATISTICS FOR MANAGEMENT
Statistical methods and their applications in managerial decision making. Topics include data collection methods, descriptive statistics, probability theory, probability distributions, estimation and hypothesis testing, regression and correlation analysis. (Not open to students who have credit for any other course in statistics, e.g., MATH 147, ECON 366, MATH 347 or PSYCH 243.)

QMMG 497. READINGS AND RESEARCH IN QUANTITATIVE METHODS IN MANAGEMENT
Tutorial reading, research or participation in a seminar, depending on interests, needs and capabilities. Prerequisites: senior standing and consent of instructor.

Global Management

IBUS 211. WORLD OF BUSINESS
Introduction to management within an international context. Covers the development of trade, trade patterns and theories, impact of trade and foreign direct investment on home and host countries, basic principles of exchange rates and global financial markets. Discusses managerial challenges arising from different cultural, socioeconomic and political settings; modes of entering foreign markets and the rise of the global corporation; introduces sub-disciplines of management: marketing, human resource management, production and finance, and how these are managed globally. Course combines lectures with hands-on exercises and projects using the Internet, and Languages Across the Curriculum (LxC). Prerequisite: sophomore standing.

IBUS 455. BUSINESS IN CHINA
Senior-level seminar analyzing the Chinese business environment and the potential for foreign direct investment. The seminar includes student presentations and research papers, as well as presentations by management executives. Discussion focuses on current and future issues in managing a business venture in China.

IBUS 460. INTERNATIONAL TRADE AND EXPORT MANAGEMENT
Senior-level and/or MBA seminar analyzing international trade and export markets. Topics include trade theories, trade patterns, free trade vs. protectionism and the international monetary system, among others. The course also develops approaches in export management through mastery of information sources and software. Students prepare an export feasibility plan for a specific New York state industry or firm.

IBUS 480. SPECIAL TOPICS IN INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS
Particular topics within broad area of international business. Topics determined in advance. May be repeated for credit. Prerequisites: IBUS 211, junior standing and consent of instructor.

IBUS 497. READINGS AND RESEARCH IN INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS
Tutorial reading, research or participation in a seminar depending on interests, needs and capabilities. Prerequisites: IBUS 211, senior standing and consent of instructor.

Other Courses

ENT 441. SMALL BUSINESS MANAGEMENT
Students work in teams to solve actual case problems provided by the Small Business Institute of the School of Management; apply appropriate theory to problems in accounting procedures and records, cash flow, sales promotion and marketing retailing, production, personnel, organization and inventory control. Prerequisite: senior standing.

MGMT 491. PRACTICUM IN COLLEGE TEACHING IN MANAGEMENT  1-2 var. cr.
Independent study by teaching in School of Management courses (other than accounting) at the freshman, sophomore or junior level. Under the direction of the instructor, the student’s primary responsibility is to lead workshop, lab and/or course review sessions. Other responsibilities may include proctoring and reading examinations. Does not satisfy major or all-college requirements. Open only to seniors. Pass/Fail grading only. Maximum of two credit hours. Prerequisites: minimum grade of A- in the School of Management course to be taught, consent of instructor and director of undergraduate programs. No more than one teaching practicum may be counted toward the degree.

MGMT 495. MANAGEMENT INTERNSHIP  var. cr.
Opportunity to obtain academic credit for well-structured, work-related experiences in a management field other than accounting. Faculty supervision and consent necessary. Strong academic content, degree relevancy must be demonstrated. Pass/Fail option only. Prerequisites: junior standing and appropriate introductory courses.


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COURSE OFFERINGS:
GRADUATE

Note: Unless otherwise noted, all graduate courses carry 4 credits and are normally offered every year.

MBA PROGRAM

Accounting

MGMT 501. ACCOUNTING FOR MANAGERS
Introduction to financial and managerial accounting concepts, with emphasis on the use of accounting information by various stakeholders in the corporation including investors, lenders and managers.

Business and Urban Economics

REQUIRED COURSE

MGMT 502. MANAGERIAL ECONOMICS
Applies economic theory to business and economic decisions. Models of production, costs, investment and resource allocation are developed. Prerequisites: calculus, and micro- and macroeconomics.

Operations Management

REQUIRED COURSE

GMT 503. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS FOR MANAGERS
Statistical methods and their applications in managerial decision making. Topics include descriptive statistics and basic inferential models.

MGMT 507. OPERATIONS MANAGEMENT
An introduction to the design, planning and control of systems that produce goods and services. Topics include quality management, forecasting, product design, capacity planning, facility layout, MRP, just-in-time manufacturing, scheduling, project planning and inventory management. Prerequisite: MGMT 503.

ELECTIVES

OPM 520. MANUFACTURING MANAGEMENT
The study of the management of modern manufacturing systems. Topics include manufacturing resources planning (MRP II), just-in-time manufacturing, flexible manufacturing systems and computer integrated manufacturing.

OPM 522. INTRODUCTION TO TOTAL QUALITY MANAGEMENT
Principles of quality assurance and control. Topics include the history and philosophy of quality, graphical measurement of quality, process capability indices, control charts, acceptance sampling and process control human factors in quality assurance.

OPM 524. MANAGEMENT OF SERVICE OPERATIONS
Analysis of managerial problems in service industries and the study of techniques available for their effective solution. Topics include planning and allocation of resources in service systems, service system design, capacity management, location of service facilities, workforce planning and scheduling, managing service quality and after-sales service support strategies.

OPM 530. DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEMS
A study of the design and building of useful and usable computer-based decision aids, drawing on the principles of data management, model building, and human factors. Also examines how decision tools are integrated with managerial judgment for more effective decision making.

OPM 581-9. SPECIAL TOPICS IN OPM 2, 4 cr.
Particular topics within the area of operations management. Topics determined in advance. May be repeated for credit.

OPM 595. INTERNSHIP 1, 2, 4, 6 cr.
Students may gain academic credit for meaningful educational internship. Academic validity of each opportunity verified by a faculty supervisor. Provides significant experience related to student’s career goals.

OPM 597. INDEPENDENT STUDY var. cr.
In-depth study in particular area of interest, under direction of appropriate faculty

Organizational Behavior

REQUIRED COURSE

MGMT 504. HUMAN RESOURCES MANAGEMENT
Survey of major areas of human resources management such as job analysis, recruitment and selection, compensation, performance appraisal and the legal context in which HR decisions are made. Readings and class discussion are supplemented with real-world cases, videos and guest appearances by local business people. Students work in small teams on a project.

ELECTIVES

HRM 551. FOUNDATIONS IN LEADERSHIP DEVELOPMENT
Students are exposed to a variety of perspectives on how they can exercise and develop leadership. Focus is at individual level of analysis; personal attributes, behaviors and styles of individuals who facilitate exemplary leadership. Students develop an understanding of their impact on groups and vice versa, as well as how their behavior/styles evolve over time and in different contexts/cultures.

HRM 552. LEADERSHIP GROUPS AND TEAMS
How leadership manifests itself in groups. In groups of three members each, students examine how small groups affect the way one leads as well as follows. Over time, group size is escalated. At the end of six weeks, the group is the main focal point for discussions of shared leadership development.

HRM 553. LEADERSHIP IN ORGANIZATIONS
Focus is on leading organizational systems. Participants’ perspectives shift from people to groups to systems. Emphasis on how to move larger entities forward using organizational processes, culture, interrelationships among teams, shared understanding and vision of group, cultural differences, etc.

HRM 581-9. SPECIAL TOPICS IN HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT  2, 4 cr.
Examination of problems or issues of current concern in managing organizational behavior. Emphasis on recent theories, research findings and professional applications of special interest to MBA faculty and students.

HRM 595. INTERNSHIP 1, 2, 4, 6 cr.
Students may gain academic credit for meaningful educational internships. Academic validity of each opportunity verified by a faculty supervisor. Provides significant experience related to student’s career goals.

HRM 597. INDEPENDENT STUDY var. cr.
In-depth study in particular area of interest, under direction of appropriate faculty.

Finance

REQUIRED

MGMT 505. FINANCE FOR MANAGERS
Concepts and techniques necessary for financial decision making with a firm. Topics include: time value of money, basic security valuation, asset pricing, financial contracting, long-term investment, dividend and financing decisions. Prerequisites: MGMT 501, 502 and 503.

ELECTIVES

FIN 520. ADVANCED CORPORATE FINANCE
Financial management as it relates to assets and liabilities of a firm. Typical coverage includes: financial planning, control and forecasting, receivables management, cash management, inventory policy, leasing decisions, mergers and acquisitions, capital structure, dividend policy, debt refunding and cost of capital. The emphasis is on cases and integration of concepts from MGMT 505. Prerequisite: MGMT 505.

FIN 530. FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS AND CAPITAL MARKETS
Theories of financial intermediation and debt management. Role, structure and operation of financial institutions and markets. Develops an understanding of basic problems of financial intermediation, the use of various financial instruments and the role of regulation. Prerequisite: MGMT 505.

FIN 540. SECURITY AND PORTFOLIO ANALYSIS
Integrates traditional security analysis with more recently developed theories on market efficiency, risk, capital asset pricing. Analytical securities valuation models and techniques; macroeconomic influences in securities price behavior. Analytical framework applied to pragmatic investment decisions in stock market. Theories underlying portfolio analysis, its applications for securities portfolio management. Utility maximization, portfolio building models, portfolio performance measures, portfolio revisions. Capital asset pricing theories, implications for investment decisions. Prerequisite: MGMT 505.

FIN 550. DERIVATIVE SECURITIES
Theoretical foundations of the pricing and use of options, futures and derivative instruments. Describes the institutional details of derivative markets in the U.S. Topics include underlying economic rationale for these markets, trading strategies and valuation considerations. Prerequisite: MGMT 505.

FIN 560. INTERNATIONAL CORPORATE FINANCE
Balance of payments adjustment mechanism and international monetary system. Role of international reserves in international payments system: adjustment under fixed and flexible exchange rates. Formation of use of optimal policy mixes, use of exchange controls. Examines balance of payments adjustment mechanism and international monetary system. The role of international reserves in international payments system and adjustment under fixed and flexible exchange rates; formation of use of optimal policy mixes and use of exchange controls. Study of international trade, exchange rates, offshore financing and the economics of exchange rates and adjustments. Prerequisite: MGMT 505.

FIN 570. THEORY OF FINANCE
Provides basic derivation of models and theories in finance. Concepts include individual and firm decisions under certainty and uncertainty, capital market equilibrium and valuation of risky assets, efficient capital markets, capital structure and dividend policy, option pricing and agency theory. Prerequisites: MGMT 505, FIN 520 and 540.

FIN 581-9. SPECIAL TOPICS IN FINANCE  2, 4 cr.
Selected topics in finance theory, empirical studies and financial policy. Emphasis is on current topics and recent developments.

FIN 595. INTERNSHIP 1, 2, 4, 6 cr.
Students may gain academic credit for meaningful educational internship. Academic validity of each opportunity verified by a faculty supervisor. Provides significant experience related to student’s career goals.

FIN 597. INDEPENDENT STUDY var. cr.
In-depth study in particular area of interest, under direction of appropriate faculty

Marketing

REQUIRED COURSE

MGMT 506. MARKETING FOR MANAGERS
The marketing environment; ethical issues, consumer behavior, marketing planning; product, price, promotion and distribution decisions. Emphasis on understanding the impact on marketing of strategic development.

ELECTIVES

MKTG 530. ADVERTISING
Combines advertising theory and practice, developing the practical aspects of advertising theory into an integral part of the total marketing mix. Topics include types of advertising, advertising strategy, planning and execution, and measuring results.

MKTG 535. CONSUMER BEHAVIOR
Introduces field of consumer behavior. Emphasis placed on understanding scope of consumer behavior, including aspects that underlie consumer decisions, and relating this understanding to market issues.

MKTG 540. MARKETING RESEARCH
Introduces major research techniques currently employed by major corporations in the U.S. Included are issues dealing with problem formulation, research design, questionnaire construction, data collection, multivariate data analysis techniques and report writing.

MKTG 545. MARKETING STRATEGY
Presents framework used to guide decision-making process. Impact of marketing decisions on other functional areas is explored in depth through use of actual business case situations.

MKTG 570. INTERNATIONAL MARKETING
Focuses on marketing management problems in the international environment. Emphasis on techniques and strategies necessary to incorporate a marketing concept into today’s international marketplace. An understanding of the scope of international marketing activities, and the impact of culture and environment on marketing programs, is developed.

MKTG 581-9. SPECIAL TOPICS IN MARKETING  2, 4 cr.
Studies of selected areas of marketing knowledge and thought. Specific topics vary each semester depending on particular interests of instructor.

MKTG 595. INTERNSHIP 1, 2, 4, 6 cr.
Students may gain academic credit for meaningful educational internship. Academic validity of each opportunity verified by a faculty supervisor. Provides significant experience related to student’s career goals.

MKTG 597. INDEPENDENT STUDY var. cr.
In-depth study in particular area of interest, under direction of appropriate faculty.

Management Information Systems

REQUIRED COURSE

MGMT 500. MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS
Computer-based organizational information systems addressing the need and role of information systems in organizations, technical foundations of information systems, management of the information systems function and types of information systems.

ELECTIVES

MIS 523. SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND SPECIFICATION
Provides an understanding of the systems development and modification process. It enables students to choose and adapt system development methodologies. In approaching a project, teaches the principles of high-quality information requirements determination and specification through effective communication with users and all other stakeholders in systems development and maintenance and appropriate documentation standards. Participatory approaches like JAD, SSM, ETHICS or prototyping are emphasized.

MIS 525. ADVANCED INFORMATION SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT
Current industry issues and approaches. Students present a project or report that contributes to course topics. Examples of course topics: comparison of information systems development (ISD) methodologies and CASE (computer-aided support environments) for ISD (the work of the CRIS conferences); information engineering. Prerequisites: Introduction to IS and one of the following: IS, DBMS, advanced software.

MIS 533. DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS
This course provides an understanding of how database information technology contributes to organizational data management. It covers the implementation of logical design specifications in a database environment. Topics include data models and modeling methods with emphasis on semantic and relational data description languages; information systems planning and information engineering; alternative database architectures: relational, network, object-oriented; the role of data dictionaries, repositories and CASE tools; systems life cycle, user participation and post-implementation review in the database approach.

MIS 550. ADVANCED SYSTEMS SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT
Extends applications development topics and practices of MIS 540. Information flow analysis and subsystem decomposition, cost and timing estimation, file consolidation, minimization of transport volume, hardware and software acquisition and automation of systems development procedures.

MIS 573. INFORMATION SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT PROJECT
This is a capstone course in information systems development. During the course, the student works on a real-life project in the analysis, design and implementation of a system to address an actual problem. Proper project management skills are also emphasized. This course qualifies the student to be a productive member of an industry project team.

MIS 581-9. SPECIAL TOPICS IN MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS
An examination in depth of issues or problems concerned with theory and practice of computer-based information systems. Concentrating on new topics and viewpoints in both technological capabilities and the human-social aspects of information systems.

MIS 595. INTERNSHIP 1, 2, 4, 6 cr.
Students may gain academic credit for meaningful educational internships. Academic validity of each opportunity verified by a faculty supervisor. Provides significant experience related to student’s career goals.

MIS 597. INDEPENDENT STUDY var. cr.
In-depth study in particular area of interest, under direction of appropriate faculty.

Health Care

ELECTIVES

MHCA 530. MANAGEMENT IN HEALTHCARE DELIVERY SYSTEMS
Organizational and institutional structure of health care. Politics in health care, regulations, ethical issues, management in hospitals and nursing homes; redesign of delivery system.

MHCA 540. MANAGEMENT APPLICATIONS IN HEALTH CARE
Develops ability to analyze actual healthcare management problems, become familiar with appropriate literature and apply it to case analysis. Importance of using consultants in process of problem solving.

MHCA 550. FINANCING HEALTHCARE SYSTEMS
Provides introduction to history of healthcare reimbursement policies in United States. How emerging alternative institutions and managements are being used to correct some shortcomings of conventional arrangements.

MHCA 560. HEALTHCARE POLICY ANALYSIS
Overview of healthcare delivery system in United States; specific basic problems and techniques used to solve the problems. Use of management science techniques to formulate appropriate policies that provide the solution to the problems.

MHCA 581-9. SPECIAL TOPICS IN HEALTHCARE ADMINISTRATION  2, 4 cr.
Current topics in healthcare delivery, institutions and the specific problems of hospitals, medical professionals and alternative healthcare providers. Emphasis on recent developments and managerial problems peculiar to health systems management.

MHCA 595. HCA INTERNSHIP 1, 2, 4, 6 cr.
Students may gain academic credit for meaningful educational internships. Academic validity of each opportunity verified by a faculty supervisor. Provides significant experience related to student’s career goals.

MHCA 597. INDEPENDENT STUDY var. cr.
In-depth study in particular area of interest, under direction of appropriate faculty.

International Business

ELECTIVES

IBUS 550. WORLDWIDE CORPORATIONS
Origins and motivations, cultural constraints, organizational structures, comparative management, worker attitudes and values, multiculturalism, nationalism, influence of worldwide firms at home and abroad. Students read and research beyond texts in their area of special interest.

IBUS 555. BUSINESS IN CHINA
MBA seminar analyzing the Chinese business environment and potential for foreign direct investment. The seminar includes student presentations and research papers, as well as presentation by management executives. Discussions focus on current and future issues in managing a business venture in China.

IBUS 560. INTERNATIONAL TRADE AND EXPORT MANAGEMENT
MBA seminar analyzing international trade and export markets. Topics include: trade theories, trade patterns, free trade vs. protectionism and international monetary system, among others. The course also develops approaches in export management through mastery of information sources and software. Students prepare an export feasibility plan for a specific New York state industry or firm.

IBUS 565. MULTINATIONAL CORPORATE STRATEGY
Emphasizes importance of multinational corporations in today’s world economy and environment within which they operate. Develops a competence relevant to strategy formulation and administration in international business.

IBUS 581-9. SPECIAL TOPICS IN INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS 2, 4 cr.
Study of critical contemporary issues of international management. Major focus on the applications of advanced theoretical concepts to the business firm’s competitive challenges in a global economy. Functional management decision making in a worldwide context.

IBUS 595. INTERNSHIP 1, 2, 4, 6 cr.
Students may gain academic credit for meaningful educational internships. Academic validity of each opportunity verified by a faculty supervisor. Provides significant experience related to student’s career goals.

IBUS 597. INDEPENDENT STUDY var. cr.
In-depth study in particular area of interest, under direction of appropriate faculty.

Applicable to Various Programs

Consult program literature for specific requirements.

REQUIRED COURSES

MGMT 508. ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR
An introduction to behavior in organizations. Topics include individual motivation, groups and team processes, leadership, conflict and conflict resolution, design of organizations and organizational change. Focuses on practical techniques and issues facing managers and employees in modern organizations. Readings and class discussion are supplemented with cases, videos and guest appearances by local business people. Students work in small teams on a project that is the basis of a formal class presentation.

MGMT 510. RESOURCE MANAGEMENT FOR CUSTOMERS
Integrates concepts in marketing, operations management and human resource management. Examines management decision making when utilizing the concepts in these areas to most effectively meet customer needs. The course addresses the management of organizations at various stages of their life cycles. Prerequisites: MGMT 500, 504, 506 and 507.

MGMT 515. ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY AND COMMUNICATIONS
Integrates advanced information technology skills with the written and oral communications skills needed by the corporate manager. Prerequisites: MGMT 500, 501, 502, 503, 505, 506, 507 and 508.

MGMT 520. RESOURCE MANAGEMENT FOR INVESTORS
Integrates concepts in accounting, finance and economics. Examines decision making when utilizing the concepts in these areas to most effectively meet investor needs. Prerequisites: MGMT 500, 501, 502 and 505.

MGMT 530. ETHICAL AND GLOBAL ISSUES IN BUSINESS  2 cr.
Focuses on the employees, consumers and the community as stakeholders in the firm. The course examines the relationship between the entity and society. Prerequisites: MGMT 508, 510 and 520.

MGMT 540. STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT
Develops strategic decision-making skills for managing the organization in an international context. Integrates the concepts taught in all the functional areas of management. Prerequisites: all core courses.

Electives

MGMT 570. SMALL BUSINESS MANAGEMENT
Development of small business management skills by serving as consultants to local businesses. Students apply knowledge from management classes to real problems. Class meets for discussion sessions, and student teams meet weekly with clients.

MGMT 581-9. SPECIAL TOPICS 1-4 cr.

MGMT 594. PRACTICUM var. cr.
Analysis of well-defined managerial problem faced by organization in local community. Problems have been studied in business firms, government agencies, other public and private institutions. Substantive written report required; credit determined by magnitude of project.

MGMT 595. INTERNSHIP 1, 2, 4 cr.
Students may gain academic credit for meaningful educational internships. Academic validity of each opportunity verified by a faculty supervisor. Provides significant experience related to student’s career goals.

MGMT 597. INDEPENDENT STUDY var. cr.
In-depth study in particular area of interest, under direction of appropriate faculty.

MGMT 700. CONTINUOUS REGISTRATION  1 cr./sem.
Required for maintenance of matriculated status in graduate program. No credit toward graduate degree requirements.

MGMT 707. RESEARCH SKILLS 1-4 cr.
Development of research skills required within graduate programs. May not be applied toward course credits for any graduate degree. Prerequisite: approval of graduate program director.

Accounting Program

ACCT 520. FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING THEORY
This seminar in financial accounting is designed to enhance the student’s understanding of and appreciation for the evolution of contemporary financial accounting theory and empirical research on financial reporting issues. Prerequisite: Intermediate Accounting Theory.

ACCT 523. FINANCIAL STATEMENT ANALYSIS  2 cr.
Demand and supply forces underlying the provision of financial statement data; properties of numbers derived from financial statements; use of information by credit analysts and investors; international comparisons of financial statement data and ratios. Prerequisite: MGMT 501.

ACCT 540. GOVERNMENTAL AND NON-PROFIT ACCOUNTING
Management planning and control problems in governmental institutions, other non-profit enterprises. Organizing accounting information with objectives of financial control, performance measurement, budgeting and planning aspects and their activities; reporting to interested organizations and individuals.

ACCT 550 (ALSO ACCT 450). SPREADSHEETS FOR ACCOUNTING

ACCT 561. STATISTICAL SAMPLING IN AUDITING  2 cr.
This course introduces quantitative and statistical sampling techniques used in auditing applications. Prerequisites: MGMT 501/ACCT 312 and ACCT 560. Corequisite: ACCT 562.

ACCT 562. ADVANCED AUDITING
Second course in auditing focusing on audit research, ethics and audit applications. International aspects of auditing, government auditing and social auditing also covered. Prerequisites: MGMT 501/ACCT 312 and ACCT 560. Corequisite: ACCT 561.

ACCT 570. MANAGERIAL ACCOUNTING THEORY
This seminar focuses on the historical development of management accounting, how management accounting is utilized in decision making, and the limitations of the current system. Budgeting, behavioral and human resource accounting, and quantitative analyses also covered.

ACCT 575. SOCIAL ACCOUNTING 2 cr.
Acquaints students with current research in social accounting. Discussion topics include economic theory of social costs and benefits and the accountants’ response to that theory, international models of social reporting, and market implications of social disclosure.

ACCT 576 (ALSO ACCT 476). FEDERAL INCOME TAXATION II (SEE ACCT 476)

ACCT 578. INTERNATIONAL ACCOUNTING  2 cr.
The course is designed to familiarize students with accounting systems of different countries by focusing on the economic, political and social systems of these countries. Accounting by multinational companies is also discussed. Prerequisite: MGMT 501 or ACCT 211.

ACCT 581-9. SPECIAL TOPICS IN ACCOUNTING
Examination in depth of problems or issues of current concern in accounting. Recent contributions to theory, research and methodology.

ACCT 595. ACCOUNTING INTERNSHIP 1, 2, 4, 6 cr.
Students may gain academic credit for meaningful educational internships. Academic validity of each opportunity verified by a faculty supervisor. Provides significant experience related to student’s career goals.

ACCT 597. INDEPENDENT RESEARCH IN ACCOUNTING  1-4 cr.
In-depth study in particular area of interest, under direction of appropriate faculty


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DOCTORAL PROGRAM

ACCT 600. SEMINAR IN FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING RESEARCH
The objective of this seminar is to survey the accounting research literature related to external financial reporting. Topics include information economics, disclosure issues, choice of accounting methods, accounting standard-setting and the use of accounting information in prediction. Students learn about financial accounting research through critical evaluation of research articles.

ACCT 601. BEHAVIORAL AND COGNITIVE RESEARCH IN ACCOUNTING
This course provides doctoral students with an understanding and overview of the behavioral and cognitive domains in contemporary accounting and auditing research. The focus of the course is the review and discussion of empirical studies that represent a broad range of research published over the past three decades. Students are required to read scholarly articles and monographs dealing with this important area of study. While this course is required for all SOM doctoral students with an accounting concentration, students in other areas of management or psychology are encouraged to attend.

FIN 601. DOCTORAL SEMINAR: CORPORATE FINANCE
The objective of this course is to provide an in-depth presentation of topics in corporate finance. Concepts include: valuation of risky assets, capital structure and dividend policy decisions of the firm, mergers and acquisitions, agency theory, financial distress, and applications of options to corporate finance. Format is a combination of lectures and guided discussions of some of the key empirical and theoretical papers in corporate finance.

FIN 602. DOCTORAL SEMINAR: CAPITAL MARKETS
Introduces students to the main developments in the investments area of financial economics. Topics include: mean-variance theory, portfolio choice and asset pricing models, market efficiency, anomalies in pricing, contingent claims and fixed income securities.

MGMT 683. ADVANCED ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR
Builds on the introductory organizational behavior course by surveying in greater depth topics such as person-situation views; individual differences; dyadic and group processes; leadership and motivation; individual and group development; work design; and performance evaluation.

MGMT 684. LEADERSHIP IN ORGANIZATIONS
Covers core theories of leadership in organizations. Classical, contemporary, alternative and new wave approaches are examined in depth from a multiple-levels-of-analysis perspective.

MGMT 685. THEORY TESTING IN LEADERSHIP
A doctoral-level seminar designed to integrate theory, empirical research and advanced methodologies for testing leadership theories. Prerequisites: MGMT 682, 684, 686.

MIS 610. INTRODUCTION TO INFORMATION SYSTEMS RESEARCH
This course critically examines prevailing information systems research paradigms and their institutionalization in forms of "schools of thought." This examination provides a perspective on the current research literature by discussing the assumptions and contributions of various research paradigms. In addition, the course deals with principles of academic report writing and the format of the prospectus and colloquium. After completion of the course students should be able to prepare for the comprehensives in IS, identify a viable approach to their thesis research and become productive members of the research community.

MGMT 682. RESEARCH METHODS I
This course provides doctoral students in management with a foundation for conducting research in their respective disciplines. The goal of the first half is to make students broadly aware of alternative philosophies and approaches to conducting research and to prepare them to evaluate contributions from research in other fields. Key topics include ethics in research, phenomenological vs. empirical research strategies, theories of model building, inductive vs. deductive reasoning and field vs. lab research. The remaining half of the course introduces research design and analysis used across different management disciplines (use of statistical tools, principles of logic, mathematics, measurement theory, etc.).

MGMT 686. RESEARCH METHODS II
This course covers topics in research methods relevant to the particular concentrations in the SOM doctoral program. The Research Methods II course offered by a concentration covers research method topics of particular importance to students. For example, the research methods course for information systems may focus on research approaches and qualitative methods, the course for organizational behavior may focus on casual modeling concepts, and the course for finance may focus on econometric issues. Because of the different nature of the course offered in different areas, doctoral students may take more than one section of Research Methods II as part of their coursework if appropriate.

MGMT 687. ORGANIZATIONAL THEORY
Provides doctoral students with the opportunity to study in-depth macro organizational behavior, organizational theory and meso approaches to organizations. Topics include organizational structure and design; climate and culture; technology issues; environmental contingencies; and the individual-organization interface.

MGMT 691. SEMINAR ON PEDAGOGY 2 cr. MANAGEMENT
This course covers topics on the application of modern pedagogical theory to college-level teaching in management. Topics differ from semester to semester, but may include implications of personality type, cognitive development, and learning theories for teaching management; practica on proper teaching techniques such as lecturing, leading discussions, using team and group learning, and teaching with technology; testing and assessment of learning; evaluation of teaching; and professional development.

MGMT 696. RESEARCH PROJECT/PAPER 2-6 cr./sem.
SOM doctoral students are required to complete a research project/paper. Students work with a faculty adviser and committee to design and complete a research review and/or study of publishable quality.

MGMT 697. INDEPENDENT STUDY 1-4 cr.
Independent reading and research.

MGMT 698. PRE-DISSERTATION RESEARCH  1-9 cr./sem.
Independent reading and/or research in preparation for comprehensive examinations for admission to PhD candidacy and/or preparation of dissertation prospectus.

MGMT 699. DISSERTATION 1-12 cr./sem.
Research for and preparation of the dissertation.

MKTG 684. SURVEY OF MARKETING ISSUES
The purpose of this course is to acquaint marketing doctoral students with the kinds of research that deal directly with the structuring and solution of marketing management problems. Students also critically evaluate the usefulness of applied research and develop criteria for selecting the appropriate research methods for various types of managerial problems. Particular emphasis is given to industrial products marketing.

MKTG 687. MARKETING THEORY AND MODELS
This course has two components. First, it traces the development of marketing as a field. Then the student is exposed to a variety of marketing models and theories including micro, macro, positive and normative approaches. Alternative methods of developing and evaluating these models are presented and discussed.

OPM 686. MATHEMATICAL PROGRAMMING
The objective of this course is to do an in-depth analysis of mathematical programming techniques and their application. Emphasis is on linear algebra, solution techniques and economic interpretation of the primal and dual problems. Other topics include computational details and implementation approaches for the simplex method, the revised simplex method, dual simplex and the primal-dual algorithms, as well as problems with special structure parametric and post-optimal analysis.

OPM 687. STOCHASTIC PROGRAMMING
Introduction to stochastic processes in three major areas: queues with poisson arrivals, Markov processes and renewal theory. Modeling, performance evaluation, and optimization of stochastic systems with emphasis on queuing theory and methods of queues. Applications drawn from manpower scheduling, evaluation of manufacturing systems, telecommunication networks, clinics and other stochastic service systems. As time permits, further topics include recurrent events, random walks, reliability and maintenance models, and applications in finance and marketing.

OPM 688. TOTAL QUALITY MANAGEMENT
This course introduces the basic principles and applications of statistical methods for quality improvement in manufacturing and service industries. Topics include history and evolution of quality control, concepts and definitions of quality, the Deming philosophy, control charts, graphical methods for quality, quality circles, quality improvement programs and quality control audit.

OPM 689. SELECTED TOPICS IN OPERATIONS RESEARCH
This course covers the following topics: advanced mathematical programming, advanced stochastic processes, system simulation, non-linear programming, dynamic programming and Markovian decision processes and theory of algorithms.

OPM 690. MANUFACTURING ANALYSIS
Analytical approach to facilities design, aggregate production planning, hierarchical production systems, inventory management, operations scheduling and distribution systems, flexible manufacturing systems and just-in-time production systems.

OPM 691. SEMINAR IN OPERATIONS MANAGEMENT
Selected topics in operations management are studied in depth. Presentation and analysis of current research by faculty, students and visitors, and detailed examination readings from the published literature. Content varies from year to year based on interests of participants and current relevant topics. PhD students are expected to participate actively.


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